The current COVID-19 pandemic has been officially linked to the deaths of hundreds thousands people across globe in just a few months. It is particularly lethal for elderly general, as well populations residing long-term stay facilities. By this time, those working and caring high-risk have exposed very intense sudden levels physical psychological strain. situation taken tragic turn residential nursing care homes (NCH), which were hit hard by pandemic. In NCH, neither residents nor workers...

Context. Oscillatory reconnection is a time-dependent magnetic mechanism that naturally produces periodic outputs from aperiodic drivers.

This article describes a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of supervised online delivery self-help plus (SH+), during second wave COVID-19 contagions in Northern Italy. The SH+ is psychological intervention developed by World Health Organization increase person's ability deal with stress. In this trial, it was tested primarily as tool reduce anxiety and post-traumatic symptomatology workers residential nursing care homes. order partial out non-specific effects...

Magnetic reconnection is one of the fundamental dynamical processes in solar corona. The method studying active region-scale magnetic fields generally depends on non-local methods (i.e. requiring information across field under study) topology, such as separatrix skeletons and quasi-separatrix layers. theory General Reconnection also non-local, that its measure rate determining maxima integrals along lines. In this work, we complement above approaches by introducing a local reconnection,...

Abstract The accurate forecasting of solar flares is considered a key goal within the physics and space weather communities. There significant potential for flare prediction to be improved by incorporating topological fluxes magnetogram data sets, without need invoke three-dimensional magnetic field extrapolations. Topological quantities such as helicity winding have shown toward this aim, provide spatiotemporal information about complexity active region fields. This study develops time...

Abstract In 2017, as the solar cycle approached minimum, an unusually long and large depression was observed in galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) protons, detected with Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, lasting for second half of that year. The depression, seen Bartel-rotation-averaged proton flux, has form a Forbush decrease (FD). Despite this resemblance, however, cause does not have such simple explanation FD, due to coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which typically last few days at 1 au rather than...

Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) face substantial daily work-related pressures, leading to frequent reports of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Objective To compare the effects Self-Help Plus in its digital version Doing What Matters Times Stress (DWM) an equally structured activity reducing and/or PTSD symptoms among HCWs. Methods We compared proportion participants with moderate-to-severe (General Anxiety Disorder Scale; GAD-7 ≥10) (Impact Event...

Abstract Magnetic reconnection is one of the fundamental dynamical processes in solar corona. The method studying active region-scale magnetic fields generally depends on non-local methods (i.e. requiring information across field under study) topology, such as separatrix skeletons and quasi-separatrix layers. theory General Reconnection also non-local, that its measure rate determining maxima integrals along lines. In this work, we complement above approaches by introducing a local...

Magnetic helicity is a quantity that underpins many theories of magnetic relaxation in electrically conducting fluids, both laminar and turbulent. Although much theoretical effort has been expended on fields are everywhere tangent to their domain boundaries, applications, astrophysics laboratories, actually involve line-tied the boundary, i.e., with non-trivial normal component boundary. This modification boundary condition requires helicity, whose suitable replacement called relative...

<i>Aims. <i/>In this paper we study the dynamics of toroidal flux tubes emerging from solar interior, through photosphere and into corona. Many previous theoretical studies emergence use a twisted cylindrical tube in interior as initial condition. Important insights can be gained model, however, it does have shortcomings. The axis never fully emerges dense plasma becomes trapped magnetic dips restrains its ascent. Also, since entire is buoyant, main photospheric footpoints (sunspots)...

The magnetic nature of the formation solar active regions lies at heart understanding activity and, in particular, eruptions. A widespread model, used many theoretical studies, simulations and interpretation observations, is that basic structure an region created by emergence a large tube pre-twisted field. Despite plausible reasons availability various proxies suggesting accuracy this there has not yet been methodology can clearly directly identify flux tubes. Here, we present clear...

Recent Hinode photospheric vector magnetogram observations have shown that the opposite polarities of a long arcade structure move apart and then come together. In addition to this "sliding doors" effect, orientations horizontal magnetic fields along polarity inversion line on photosphere evolve from normal-polarity configuration an inverse one. To explain behavior, simple model by Okamoto et al. suggested it is result emergence twisted flux rope. Here, we scenario using three-dimensional...

We present an analysis of the formation atmospheric flux ropes in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solar emergence simulation. The simulation domain ranges from top interior to low corona. A twisted magnetic tube emerges and into atmosphere where it interacts with ambient field. By studying connectivity evolving field, we are able better understand process rope atmosphere. In simulation, two produced as result emergence. Each has different evolution resulting topological structures. These...

Aims: To investigate the relationship between surges and magnetic reconnection during emergence of small-scale active regions. In particular, to examine how large-scale geometry field, shaped by different phases reconnection, guides flowing surges. Methods: We present three flux models. The first model, simplest, consists a region emerging into horizontal ambient field that is initially parallel top region. second model same as but with an extra smaller which perturbs main This added create...

Magnetic winding is a fundamental topological quantity that underpins magnetic helicity and measures the entanglement of field lines. Like helicity, also an invariant ideal magnetohydrodynamics. In this article we give detailed description what describes, how to calculate it interpret in relation helicity. We show provides clear fields (open or closed) examples can behave differently, thus revealing different imporant information about underlying field.

ABSTRACT Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are solar eruptions that involve large-scale changes to the magnetic topology of an active region. There exists a range models for CME onset which based on twisted or sheared field above polarity inversion line (PIL). We present observational evidence topological at PILs, in photosphere, form key part onset, as implied by many models. In particular, we study 30 CMEs and investigate photosphere calculating winding flux, using artop code. By matching...

<i>Aims. <i/>In this paper we study the effects of a toroidal magnetic flux tube emerging into magnetized corona, with an emphasis on large-scale eruptions. The orientation fields is such that two systems are almost antiparallel when they meet.<i>Methods. <i/>We follow dynamic evolution system by solving 3D MHD equations using Lagrangian remap scheme.<i>Results. <i/>Multiple eruptions found to occur. physics trigger mechanisms discussed and related well-known eruption models.

Evidence for the emergence of twisted flux tubes into solar atmosphere has, so far, come from indirect signatures. In this work, we investigate topological input tube directly by studying helicity and winding fluxes. magnetohydrodynamic simulations with domains spanning top convection zone to lower corona, simulate a range different initial field strengths. One important feature work is inclusion convectively unstable layer beneath photosphere. We find approximately self-similar behaviour in...

Aims. Recent insterest in flux emergence within mature active regions has led to several observational studies. Our aim is model such a scenario and investigate the evolution of system.

Abstract Magnetic helicity is a measure of the entanglement magnetic field lines used to characterize complexity solar active region (AR) fields. Previous attempts use helicity-based indicators predict eruptive/flaring events have shown promise but not been universally successful. Here we investigate quantity associated with helicity, winding, as means flaring activity. This represents fundamental and independent strength. We vector magnetogram data derived from Helioseismic Imager (HMI)...

Magnetic helicity is a fundamental quantity of magnetohydrodynamics that carries topological information about the magnetic field. By `topological information', we usually refer to linkage field lines. For domains are not simply connected, however, also depends on topology domain. In this paper, expand standard definition in connected multiply $\mathbb{R}^3$ arbitrary topology. We discuss how using classic Biot-Savart operator simplifies expression for and domain affects physical...

Magnetic helicity flux gives information about the topology of a magnetic field passing through boundary. In solar physics applications, this boundary is photosphere and has become an important quantity in analysing fields emerging into atmosphere. work we investigate evolution magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations emergence. We consider with different topologies how patterns correspond to dynamics To input connected emergence process, two forms flux. The first standard form giving...