Microplastics (MP) pollution has received increased attention over the last few years. However, while number of studies documentating ingestion microplastics by fish increased, fewer have addressed toxicological effects derived from these small items in wild conditions. Here, MP contamination and effect biomarkers were investigated three commercially important species North East Atlantic Ocean. From 150 analysed (50 per species), 49 % had MP. In 3 species, gastrointestinal tract, gills...

Abstract There is growing evidence that microplastic pollution (<5 mm in size) now present virtually all marine ecosystems, even remote areas, such as the Arctic and Antarctic. Microplastics have been found water sediments of Antarctic but little known their ingestion by higher predators mechanisms entry into food webs. The goal this study was to assess occurrence microplastics a top predator, gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua from region (Bird Island, South Georgia Signy Orkney Islands)...

This work introduces the complementary use of μ ‐Raman and ‐Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy for detection specific carbon chains cations identification metal carboxylates within oil paint microsamples. Metal (metal soaps) form naturally when free fatty acids react with may also be found as additives or degradation products. Twenty‐two were synthesised, their spectra assembled in a reference database. salts commonly present paintings used, including lead, zinc, calcium, cadmium,...

Measuring local levels of marine pollution by microplastics (MP) and identifying potential sources in coastal areas is essential to evaluate the associated impacts environment biota. The accumulation floating MP at sea surface great concern as neustonic habitat consists a feeding ground for primary consumers (including filter-feeders) active predators, which makes these organisms relevant via input into trophic chain. Here, baseline evaluation was conducted with neuston net (335 μm mesh)...

Plastics recycling remains a challenge due to the relatively low quality of recycled material, since most developed processes cannot deal with additives present in plastic matrix, so products end up lower-grade applications. The application volatile organic solvents for removal is preferred choice. In this study, pretreatment packaging waste remove using biosolvents was investigated. used high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blue and orange colorants (pigment and/or dye). first step identify...

Heritage materials are highly complex systems of unknown and intrinsically heterogeneous compositions unmonitored long-term modifications. In this microreview, we describe our interdisciplinary approach, its importance to new treatments tailored prevent changes historical colours, innovative strategies for their identification in artworks. We illustrate methodology through the study medieval Islamic manuscripts from Fondo Ka'ti. These advanced studies have shown remarkable properties ancient...

In this work, microspectrofluorimetry was for the first time applied to identification of red organic lakes that are characteristic lavish illuminations found in 15 th century books hours. Microspectrofluorimetry identified those paints, ranging from opaque pink dark glazes, as brazilwood lakes. An unequivocal characterization achieved by comparison with reference paints produced following recipes medieval treatise The Book on How Make Colours, and further confirmed fiber optic reflectance...

A systematic investigation of medieval copper green pigments was carried out based on written sources: 21 manuscripts, dating from 50–70 to 1755 AD, were sourced and 77 recipes selected, translating into 44 experiments. Reconstructions prepared characterized through a multianalytical approach disclose the original pigment formulation that is often described as verdigris. Based results obtained, we propose three main groups pigments, group 1, in which only Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O formed; 2, where...

To understand the reported degradation of chrome yellows, popular with artists since their introduction in 19th century, it is necessary to pigment formulation as produced at that time. Chromium-based pigments such lead chromate (PbCrO4, yellow) or zinc (K2O·4ZnCrO4·3H2O, yellow), used by Van Gogh and Seurat, currently exhibit substantial darkening paintings "Sunflowers" "A Sunday on La Grande Jatte-1884". Winsor & Newton (W&N), one leading artists' colourmen time, has made its recipe...

A multi-analytical approach for the study of brazilwood and its lake pigments was carried out based on historically accurate reconstructions. Recipes lakes from fifteenth century technical text Livro de como se fazem as cores Winsor & Newton nineteenth colourman's archive were reproduced compared. Both primary sources allowed successful preparation with colours that vary light pink to dark red. The main steps ingredients manufacture these common in both sources, particularly addition Al3+...

This work explores the application of Reverse Osmosis (RO) upcycled membranes, as Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs) in Donnan Dialysis (DD) and related processes, such Ion Membrane Bioreactor (IEMB), for removal nitrate from contaminated water, to meet drinking water standards. Such membranes might be manufactured at a lower price than commercial AEMs, while their utilization reinforces commitment circular economy transition. In an effort gain better understanding confocal µ-Raman spectroscopy...

This work focuses on the study of 19th century yellow chromate pigments based barium (BaCrO4), zinc (4ZnCrO4·K2O·3H2O) and strontium (SrCrO4). These pigments, which are reported to shift in hue darken, have been found artworks. A better understanding their historic manufacture will contribute visual/chemical interpretation change these colours. Research was carried out Winsor & Newton (W&N) archive database providing a unique insight into manufacturing processes. One hundred three production...

The Winsor & NewtonTM (W&N) nineteenth century archive database includes digitised images of hand-written instructions and workshop notes for the manufacture their artists' materials. For first time, all 183 production records yellow lead chromate pigments were studied evaluated. They revealed that W&N produced essentially three pigment types: lemon/pale based on mixed crystals sulphate [Pb(Cr,S)O4]; middle pure monoclinic [PbCrO4]; deep contains latter admixed with basic [Pb2CrO5];...

This paper focuses on the first investigation of 19th-century manufacture red lake pigments obtained from madder by Winsor & Newton (W&N), prominent artists’ colourman at that time. The approach to their was carried out studying entries company’s book P1, found in W&N 19th Century Archive Database. Eleven production records were discovered under names such as Rose Madder, Madder Carmine, Lake and Rose. Three main methods synthesis identified reproduced, revealing three steps:...

The correct characterisation and a detailed knowledge of the materials originally used in violin varnishes, like natural resins, is crucial for conservation museums suitable restoration technique. study presented here reports on potential pyrolysis (Py) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry (MS) identification chemical markers each resin; this technique very sensitive selective, it needs small quantity sample does not require treatments. To improve chromatographic behaviour...

This work provides significant insight into the molecular structure of alizarin lake pigments used by artists in past. To characterize two red powders, lakes 1 and 2, obtained complexation 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone (alizarin) with Al3+, a multi-analytical approach was designed based on solid liquid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), Mass Spectrometry (MS) Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Lake synthesized according to...