Most proteins present in chloroplasts are synthesized the cytosol and posttranslationally translocated into organelle. A multicomponent translocation machinery located both outer inner envelope of was identified, but mode action many subunits remains unclear. Here, we describe regulation an early step occurring at envelope. The translocon subunit Toc34 can be phosphorylated, GTP binding is regulated by phosphorylation. In vitro , acts as a receptor for containing chloroplast-targeting...

Nitrogenase activity and H2 evolution were studied in two mutants of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 which are impaired molecular H2-related metabolism. Evidence was obtained that deficient uptake reversible hydrogenases suitable for biotechnological research on production. production by mutant PK84 continuous cultures 4.3 times higher compared to wild-type. Enhancement all under N2 (1.8–1.9 times) CO2 starvation (1.4–1.5 observed.

Toc34 is a protein of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane that acts as receptor for preproteins containing transit sequence. The recognition by regulated GTP binding and phosphorylation. phosphorylation site located at serine 113, close to postulated triphosphate site. This can explain downregulation phosphorylation, resulting in loss binding. Vice versa, but not GDP influences nucleotide specificity only determined classical domains nontypical region Nterminus protein. As result,...

Toc34 is a transmembrane protein located in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts and involved transit peptide recognition. The cytosolic region reveals 34% alpha-helical 26% beta-strand structure stabilized by intramolecular electrostatic interaction. binds both chloroplast preproteins isolated peptides guanosine triphosphate- (GTP-) dependent mechanism. In this study we demonstrate that soluble, domain (Toc34deltaTM) functions as receptor vitro capable to compete with import...

Abstract A major goal in understanding protein transport across membranes is the investigation of structure and regulation translocon subunits. We analysed Toc75, a pore-forming subunit outer envelope chloroplasts. Toc75 was over-expressed reconstituted into liposomes. Immunoprecipitation liposome-reconstituted indicates an N -C orientation Toc75. Limited proteolytic digestion present vesicles with specific proteases combined amino acid sequencing used to study topology Finally, computer...

Upon encountering antigens, B-lymphocytes can adapt to produce a highly specific and potent antibody response. Somatic hypermutation, which introduces point mutations in the variable regions of genes, increase affinity for antigen, effector functions be altered by class switch recombination (CSR), changes expressed constant region exons. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is mutagenic diversification enzyme that essential both somatic hypermutation CSR. The AID has tightly...

The Ca2+ sensor protein calmodulin can interact with the DNA binding basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain of E12, E47, and SEF2-1 (E2-2), which belong to E-protein subclass bHLH transcription factors. This interaction inhibits these proteins in vitro, an ionophore that increases intracellular inhibit transcriptional activation by E-proteins. Here we have attempted determine if phenomena reflect a direct calmodulin-dependent inhibition E-proteins vivo. We show overexpression activity SEF2-1....

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a specific sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry method for quantification usnic acid concentration in the lichen, Cladonia uncialis, suitable detection relatively small fluctuations response environmental changes. resulting fully validated according international guidelines demonstrated good selectivity sensitivity with minor levels matrix effect high accuracy.

Transpiration rhythmicity and intensity were investigated in the chlorophyll-deficient mutant XL18 of Pisum sativum L. phytochrome-deficient aurea Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. A custom-built psychrometer was used. In an acute transpiration response to monochromatic irradiation observed such that red (R) light increased far-red (FR) decreased rate, with equal rates change. This result indicates phytochrome is involved regulation transpiration. wild type pea chlorophyll-dependent component...

Lichen secondary metabolites are natural products of high medicinal and industrial value, which produced by the fungal symbiont (mycobiont) lichens in response to environmental changes. It has been shown that cultured mycobiont is capable metabolite production, specifically polyketides, polyketide production affected presence or absence algal cyanobacterial (photobiont). Identification synthases encoding genes is, turn, key for understanding regulation synthesis. Using a previously...

Lichens are composed of symbiotic slow-growing organisms and often exposed to extreme microenvironmental conditions, resulting in the production unique secondary metabolites. One most commonly produced metabolites is usnic acid, which thought be by two genes. The objectives present study were compare polyketide synthase (PKS) gene expression acid concentration Cladonia uncialis (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., with environmental factors. Seventy-five lichen samples collected from three locations...

Under the conditions of economic, political uncertainty and increased health care associated with COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to determine socio-psychological factors transforming attitudes public confidence in healthcare system. Psychological studies financial advent biological threat have moved another level, which can be defined as system risk management trust policy under uncertainty. The article presents results an online survey Russian citizens during second wave demonstrated...