AI-powered systems have gained widespread popularity in various domains, including Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). However, ensuring their reliability and safety is challenging due to complex nature. Conventional test adequacy metrics, designed evaluate the effectiveness of traditional software testing, are often insufficient or impractical for these systems. White-box which specifically systems, leverage neuron coverage information. These metrics necessitate access underlying AI model training...

Early glycation involves attachment of glucose on ε-NH₂of lysine residues.

Open source projects for example Eclipse and Fire fox have open bug repositories. User reports bugs to these Users of repositories are usually non-technical cannot assign correct class bugs. Triaging bugs, developer, fix them is a tedious time consuming task. Developers expert in particular areas. For example, few developers GUI others java functionality. Assigning relevant developer could save would help maintain the interest level by assigning according their interest. However, right quite...

Search-based software testing (SBST) is now a mature area, with numerous techniques developed to tackle the challenging task of testing. SBST have shown promising results and been successfully applied in industry automatically generate test cases for large complex systems. Their effectiveness, however, has be problem dependent. In this paper, we revisit objective performance evaluation light recent methodological advances – form Instance Space Analysis (ISA) enabling strengths weaknesses...

Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is utmost importance, and testing them in simulated environments a safer option than conducting in-field operational tests. However, generating an exhaustive test suite to identify critical scenarios computationally expensive, as representation each complex contains various dynamic static features, such AV under test, road participants (vehicles, pedestrians, obstacles), environmental factors (weather light), road’s structural features (lanes,...

Summary Debugging is crucial for producing reliable software. One of the effective bug localization techniques spectral‐based fault localization. It tries to locate a buggy statement by applying an evaluation metric program spectra and ranking components on basis score it computes. Here, we propose restricted class “hyperbolic” metrics, with small number numeric parameters. This functions based past theoretical empirical results. We show that optimization methods such as genetic programming...

Summary Debugging is crucial for producing reliable software. One of the effective bug localization techniques spectral‐based fault (SBFL). It helps to locate a buggy statement by applying an evaluation metric program spectra and ranking components on basis score it computes. SBFL example dynamic analysis – computer that performed executing with sufficient number test cases. Static analysis, other hand, in non‐runtime environment. We introduce weighting technique combining these two kinds...

Debugging is crucial for producing reliable software. One of the effective bug localization techniques Spectral-Based Fault Localization (SBFL). It locates a buggy statement by applying an evaluation metric to program spectra and ranking components on basis score it computes. Recently, genetic programming has been proposed as way find good metrics. We have found that huge search space metrics can cause this approach be slow unreliable, even relatively simple data sets. Here we propose...

Purpose: To synthesize and evaluate Schiff base Tin (II) complexes for antioxidant antimicrobial activitiesMethods: The of chloride with various derivative 2-Hydroxy-1- naphthaldehyde (HN) were synthesized characterized by physiochemical techniques, including elemental analysis, ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H–NMR), carbon-13 (13C-NMR), electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS)...

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are prone to revolutionise the transportation industry.However, they must be thoroughly tested avoid safety violations.Simulation testing plays a crucial role in finding violations of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs).This paper proposes PAFOT, position-based approach framework, which generates adversarial driving scenarios expose ADSs.We introduce 9-position grid is virtually drawn around Ego Vehicle (EV) and modify behaviours Non-Playable Characters (NPCs) move...

An experiment entitled "Standardization of Growing Media for Pot Culture Crown Lily (Fritillaria imperialis L.)'' was carried out at the Floricultural experimental field SKUAST-K during year 2017-18.The investigation involved 11 treatment combinationsVermicompost 1:1:1, T 7 = Soil + Sand Vermicompost 1:1:2, 8 +Sand Sheep manure 9 10 Forest litter 1:1:1 and 1:1:2) laid in triplicate Completely Randomized Design (CRD).The results study revealed that (Soil significantly improved vegetative,...

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations gibberellic acid, spacing and nutrient sprays on vegetative floral parameters snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus cv. Rocket Pink) at Urban Technological Park, Habak, Srinagar, J&K, India during two successive years in 2017and 2018. Eighteen treatments with 3 acid (0 ppm, 100 ppm 200 ppm), 2 spacings (15 cm x 15 20 cm) (3 sprays, 4 5 sprays) were replicated thrice Completely Randomized Block Design. The investigation...

E ssential oil can be defined as a "product obtained from natural raw material, either by distillation with water and steam, or the epicarp of citrus fruits mechanical processing (Schnaubelt, 1999; ISO, 2014).Similarly, other names like essence, fragrant oil, volatile etheric aetheroleum aromatic (Başer et al., 2007) have been used to describe essential oils.Essential oils various plants, most commonly grown in tropical subtropical countries.They are parts such seeds, buds, leaves, roots,...

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are prone to revolutionise the transportation industry. However, they must be thoroughly tested avoid safety violations. Simulation testing plays a crucial role in finding violations of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). This paper proposes PAFOT, position-based approach framework, which generates adversarial driving scenarios expose ADSs. We introduce 9-position grid is virtually drawn around Ego Vehicle (EV) and modify behaviours Non-Playable Characters (NPCs) move...

Before being deployed on roads, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) must undergo comprehensive testing. Safety-critical situations, however, are infrequent in usual driving conditions, so simulated scenarios used to create them. A test scenario comprises static and dynamic features related the AV environment; representation of these is complex makes testing a heavy process. effective if it identifies incorrect behaviors AV. In this article, we present technique for identifying key associated with...

Machine learning (ML) for text classification has been widely used in various domains, such as toxicity detection, chatbot consulting, and review analysis. These applications can significantly impact ethics, economics, human behavior, raising serious concerns about trusting ML decisions. Several studies indicate that traditional metrics, model confidence accuracy, are insufficient to build trust models. models often learn spurious correlations during training predict based on them inference....

With the widespread application of LLM-based dialogue systems in daily life, quality assurance has become more important than ever. Recent research successfully introduced methods to identify unexpected behaviour single-turn scenarios. However, multi-turn testing remains underexplored, with Oracle problem posing a persistent challenge for system developers and researchers. In this paper, we propose MORTAR, MetamORphic multi-TuRn diAlogue appRoach, which mitigates test oracle assessment...