Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DANs) typically increase their discharge rate in response to appetitive predictive cues and outcomes, whereas striatal cholinergic tonically active interneurons (TANs) decrease rate. This may indicate that the activity of TANs DANs is negatively correlated can broaden basal ganglia reinforcement teaching signal, for instance by encoding worse than predicted events. We studied 106 180 two monkeys recorded during performance a classical conditioning task with...

Climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum encode error signals that instruct learning. Recently, evidence has accumulated suggest is also involved in processing of reward. To study how rewarding events are encoded, we recorded activity climbing fibers when monkeys were engaged an eye movement task. At beginning each trial, cued size reward would be delivered upon successful completion trial. increased presented with a cue indicating large reward, but not small Reward did modulate at delivery...

Subthalamic nucleus field potentials have attracted growing research and clinical interest over the last few decades. However, it is unclear whether subthalamic represent locally generated neuronal subthreshold activity or volume conductance of organized in cortex. This study aimed at understanding physiological origin determining most accurate method for recording them. We compared different methods recordings human nucleus: spikes (300-9,000 Hz) (3-100 recorded by monopolar micro-...

Abstract The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are major subcortical structures in motor system. have been cast as reward center of system, whereas is thought to be involved adjusting sensorimotor parameters. Recent findings signals challenged this dichotomous view. To compare directly, we recorded from oculomotor regions both same monkeys. We partitioned trial-by-trial variability neurons into eye-movement coding across structures. Reward expectation movement were most pronounced output...

The neurons of many basal ganglia nuclei, including the external and internal globus pallidus (GPe GPi, respectively) substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are characterized by their high-frequency (50–100 spikes/s) tonic discharge (HFD). However, high firing rate GPe is interrupted long pauses. We studied extracellularly recorded spiking activity 212 well-isolated HFD 52 GPi/SNr from five monkeys during different states behavioral activity. An algorithm that maximizes surprise function was...

Controlling motor actions requires online adjustments of time-varying parameters. Although numerous studies have attempted to identify the parameters coded in different sites, relationships between temporal profile neuronal responses and dynamics behavior remain poorly understood particular because such as force movement direction often change over time. We studied time-dependent coding cortical spinal neurons primates performing an isometric wrist task with active hold period, which made it...

Previous studies have rarely tested whether the activity of high-frequency discharge (HFD) neurons basal ganglia (BG) is modulated by expectation, delivery, and omission aversive events. Therefore full value domain encoded BG network still unknown. We studied HFD globus pallidus external segment (GPe, n=310), internal (GPi, n=149), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr, n=145) in two monkeys during a classical conditioning task with cues predicting probability food, neutral, or airpuff...

We studied correlated firing between motor thalamic and cortical cells in monkeys performing a delayed-response reaching task. Simultaneous recording of thalamocortical activity revealed that around movement onset, were positively with cell the primary cortex but negatively premotor cortex. The differences correlation contrasted average neural responses, which similar all three areas. Neuronal correlations reveal functional cooperation opposition thalamus distinct areas specific roles...

Neural integration converts transient events into sustained neural activity. In the smooth pursuit eye movement system, is required to convert cerebellar output discharge of extraocular motoneurons. We recorded expression in time-varying firing rates and brainstem neurons monkey during step-ramp target motion. Electrical stimulation with single shocks cerebellum identified that are monosynaptic targets inhibition from floccular complex. They relation acceleration, velocity, position, a...

Brain regions frequently contribute to the control of a range behaviors. To understand how brain area controls multiple behaviors, we examined frontal eye field (FEF) encodes different movements by recording activity 1200 neurons during smooth pursuit, pursuit suppression, and saccade tasks in two female Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Single tended respond on all tasks. In absence task-specific clusters, analyzed relationships directional preference between The tuning curves suppression were...

The basal ganglia are considered to be the site where cortical sensorimotor and dopaminergic reward information interact potentiate select actions. This had led assumption that inputs encode states rather than or choice signals. We tested this hypothesis by studying coding properties of neurons in frontal eye field monkeys were optogenetically identified as being connected ganglia. found already contained about expected rewards selected Further, condition-independent modulations stronger...

Reward has a powerful influence on motor behavior. To probe how and where reward systems alter behavior, we studied smooth pursuit eye movements in monkeys trained to associate the color of visual cue with size be issued at end target motion. When tracking task presented two different colored targets that moved orthogonally, biased initiation toward direction motion led larger reward. The bias was than expected given modest effects single targets. Experiments three sizes suggested afforded...

The cerebellum exhibits both motor and reward-related signals. However, it remains unclear whether reward is processed independently from the command or might reflect consequences of drive. To test how signals interact with sensorimotor processing in cerebellum, we recorded Purkinje cell simple spike activity cerebellar floccular complex while monkeys were engaged smooth pursuit eye movement tasks. color target signaled size would receive at end motion. When tracking task presented a single...

During fixation and between saccades, our eyes undergo diffusive random motion called fixational drift. The role of drift in visual coding inference has been debated the past few decades, but mechanisms that underlie this remained unknown. In particular, it unclear whether arises from peripheral sources, or central sources within brain. Here we show is correlated with neural activity, identify its origin circuitry oculomotor system, upstream to ocular motoneurons (OMNs). We analyzed a large...