Abstract: A structural damage detection method using uncertain frequency response functions (FRFs) is presented in this article. Structural detected from the changes FRFs original intact state. The measurements are always contaminated by noise, and sufficient data often difficult to obtain; making it detect with a finite number of data. To surmount this, we introduce hypothesis testing based on bootstrap statistically prevent errors due measurement noise. proposed iteratively zooms damaged...

In the maintenance of cable structures, such as cable-stayed bridges and extra-dosed bridges, it is necessary to estimate tension acting on cables. The safety a confirmed by checking whether within allowable value. current Japanese practice, estimated using vibration method or higher-order method, which considers natural frequencies cable. However, in recent years, aerodynamic cables caused wind has become problem owing increase length low damping performance itself. To suppress cables,...

In this study, 8 array microtremor measurements have performed in Palu City, Indonesia for S-wave velocity profiles, which will be used seismic hazard mapping. Four accelerometers were each observation site. One was installed at a center of the circle with radius, r. Other three arranged on shape regular triangle. Sequential observations conducted times by changing radius; r=3, 10 and 30 meters. The ground profile estimated means dispersion curves obtained using Spatial Autocorrelation...

On April 25, 2015, a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck the Gorkha district of Kathmandu, Nepal. In Patan, vibrational characteristics 300-year-old two-story masonry building near Patan Durbar Square had been measured prior earthquake. inspection after earthquake, several new cracks were found. The again, and it was found that natural frequencies smaller than those before indicating reduction stiffness. Finite element models structure representing pre- post-earthquake conditions are established so...

We propose a dynamic analysismethod – refined version of the DEM- that can simulate three-dimensional elastic, failure and collapse behaviors structures. A structure is modeled as an assembly rigid elements. Interaction between elements using multiple springs dashpots attached to surfaces The are assumed be rigid, but method allows simulation structural deformation by permitting penetration There two types springs: one restoring spring elastic behavior before other contact for simulating...

The process of failure propagation masonry buildings during earthquakes is simulated using a refined version the distinct element method that simulates three-dimensional elastic, failure, and collapse behaviors structures. Models with flat roof models vault are considered, their mechanisms examined. influence direction input ground motion on also investigated. Moreover, effectiveness three reinforcement measures compared. One measure increasing mortar strength, second thickness bearing...

S ummary Foliar uptake of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) was measured by the gas exchange method on nine herbaceous species. Susceptibility to PAN also examined in tested species order seek correlations with rate PAN. synthesized nitration peracetic acid n ‐tridecane. Uptake leaves kept at a steady level during 90 min light period, while dark it declined rapidly and reached almost zero within 30–45 min. This suggests that adsorption surface is very small most enters leaf through open stomata....

We measured the diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate (P N) and stomatal conductance (g s) of leaves a liana, Enkleia malaccensis Griff. (Thymelaeaceae), at canopy level lowland tropical rainforest Pasoh, Peninsular Malaysia. The measurements were made from walkway system, 30 m ground for 3 d March 2003. P N increased with increasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) before noon, though was not enhanced by strong hit afternoon. Plotting g s saturating PAR (>0.5 mmol m-2 s-1)...

Allometry of shoot extension units (hereafter termed "current shoots") was analyzed in a Malaysian canopy species, Elateriospermum tapos Bl. (Euphorbiaceae). Changes current allometry with increasing tree height were related to growth and maintenance crowns. Total biomass, biomass allocation ratio non-photosynthetic photosynthetic organs, wood density shoots unrelated height. However, structure changed Compared short trees, tall trees produced the same mass but thicker shorter stems. Current...

In the maintenance of cable structures, such as cable-stayed bridges, it is necessary to estimate tension acting on cables. current Japanese practice, estimated from cable’s natural frequency using vibration-based methods. However, in recent years, dampers have been installed onto cables suppress aerodynamic vibrations. Because damper changes frequencies, methods used for without are not appropriate with dampers. With this background, authors previously proposed a method (Method 0F)...

The effects of leaf to air vapour pressure differences (ΔW) on net photosynthetic rate (PN) and stomatal conductance (gs) were examined in the leaves two tropical rain forest trees, Eugenia grandis Pongamia pinnata, temperate evergreen Viburnum awabuki Daphniphyllum macropodum. A single was set inside a small chamber ΔW varied from 7 24 mmol mol-1 at 25 500 μmol m-2 s-1 photon flux density. PN gs trees decreased with increasing ΔW, while not highly responsive ΔW. P. pinnata more sensitive...

Saving human lives and cultural heritage from natural disasters is a key to earthquake-disaster mitigation strategies. Culturally valued structures built before earthquake codes regulations emerged are often vulnerable loads, but such must be comprehensively studied applying measures. Microtremor measurements in Patan Durbar Square area, World Heritage site, were investigated determine dynamic properties of the soil at four locations predominant ground frequency calculated 2.07 Hz. Ambient...

Masonry structure is one of the most commonly used building types in developing countries due to its inexpensiveness and material availability.While masonry intrinsically strong resisting gravitational force, it relatively weak lateral forces such as an earthquake.Therefore, reinforcement for structures earthquake-prone areas necessary.This paper introduced interlocking brick promising methods does not require extra easy implement.The performance a lego-shaped dynamic was investigated...

Abstract The collapse of timber‐frame houses during an earthquake was analyzed by the 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) distinct element methods (DEM). DEM is a numerical analysis technique in which positions elements are calculated solving equations motion step step. Both individual group behavior can be simulated. structure modeled as assembly connected virtual springs dashpots where come into contact. A house with simple structural elements; beams, columns, floors, roof, modeled....

Stomatal and epidermal cell frequencies leaf area were measured in leaves of Quercus myrsinaefolia grown the field under different relative photon flux density (PFD), which was ratio integrated PFD at surface to that an open site. Leaf showed a linear relationship with PFD. increased increasing Numbers stomata cells per leaf, stomatal index (ratio number number)