This study evaluates the performances of all forty different global climate models (GCMs) that participate in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) for simulating climatological temperature and precipitation Southeast Asia. Historical simulations 40 GCMs 40-year period 1960–1999 both land sea those century 1901–1999 are evaluated using observation reanalysis datasets. Nineteen performance metrics employed. The results show vary greatly. CNRM-CM5-2 performs best among GCMs,...

This paper develops a global precipitation rate retrieval algorithm for the advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU), which observes 23-191 GHz. The was trained using numerical weather prediction (NWP) model (MM5) 106 globally distributed storms that predicted brightness temperatures consistent with those observed simultaneously by AMSU. Neural networks were to retrieve hydrometeor water-paths, peak vertical wind, and 15-min average surface rates rain snow at 15-km resolution all viewing...

We introduce a new hyperspectral microwave remote sensing modality for atmospheric sounding, driven by recent advances in device technology that now permit receiver arrays can multiplex multiple broad frequency bands into more than 100 spectral channels, thus improving both the vertical and horizontal resolutions of retrieved profile. Global simulation studies over ocean land clear cloudy atmospheres using three different profile databases are presented assess temperature, moisture,...

This paper addresses the following: 1) millimeter-wave scattering by icy hydrometeors and 2) consistency between histograms of atmospheric radiances observed satellite instruments [Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A/B (AMSU-A/B)] those predicted a mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model (MM5) in combination with two-stream radiative transfer (TBSCAT). at 15-km resolution supports use MM5/TBSCAT as useful simulation tool for designing assessing global systems remote sensing...

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper evaluates the performance of global precipitation rate retrieval algorithm for Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) that was described in Part I this paper. AMSU is polar orbit on several National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operational weather satellites. Predicted rms errors based a 15-km resolution 0.5–1.0-mm/h MM5 truth were 0.88, 0.83, 1.13, 3.04 stratiform,...

A new global precipitation retrieval algorithm for the millimeter-wave Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit is presented that also retrieves Arctic rates over surface snow and ice. This improves upon its predecessor by excluding some surface-sensitive channels reducing number of principal components (PCs) used to represent those remain. The training sets were modified better cold regions. still incorporates conversion brightness temperatures nadir, spatial filtering detect pixels scattering near...

Abstract Brightness temperature histograms observed at 50–191 GHz by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on operational NOAA satellites are shown to be consistent with predictions made using a mesoscale NWP model [the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5)] and radiative transfer [TBSCAT/F(λ)] global set of 122 storms coincident AMSU observations. Observable discrepancies between modeled occurred when 1) snow...

Abstract A surface-precipitation-rate retrieval algorithm for 13-channel Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) millimeter-wave spectral observations from 23 to 191 GHz is described. It was trained using cloud-resolving fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulations over 106 global storms. The resulting retrievals the U.S. NOAA-15 and NOAA-16 operational weather satellites are compared with average annual accumulations...

Only instruments on geostationary or comparable platforms can view global precipitation at the ~15-min interval that is necessary to monitor rapidly evolving convective events. This paper compares abilities of 11 alternative passive microwave sensors retrieve surface rates and hydrometeor water paths. Five observe selected frequencies from 116 429 GHz with a filled-aperture antenna, six 52 191 U-shaped aperture synthesis array. The analysis based neural network retrieval methods 122...

In the design of permanent-magnet synchronous machines for naval applications, exterior magnetic fields are interest. These decay at a rate depending on number poles, with due to higher poles decaying more rapidly. We have developed multipole expansion methods study effects geometric asymmetries and unbalanced pole strength components far field. found that, if there is an imbalance in set lower order dominates field, advantage using diminished. Multipole combination charge simulation method...

This paper evaluates performances of WRF's planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes for simulating near-surface winds in northeastern Thailand using hourly observed wind speeds and directions at 65 90 m above ground 3 full months from 12 9 measuring stations, respectively. NCEP final analyses are used initial conditions. Simulations restarted every h with 6-h spin up periods. Grid nudging is altitudes PBL. WRF fields 5-km resolution accuracy evaluation. Vertical interpolations speed direction...

This letter evaluates the ability of U.S. National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System 22-channel Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) to retrieve surface precipitation rates (millimeters per hour); water path estimates for rain, snow, and graupel (millimeters); peak vertical wind (convective strength, meters second). Simulated retrieval accuracies ATMS were compared those its predecessor Sounding Unit (AMSU), both which sample 23- 190-GHz spectrum. retrieves...

This paper presents the following: (1) a method for evaluating weather forecasts using satellite passive millimeter-wave observations and (2) tropical forecast evaluation forecasting system composed of fifth-generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model employing its best physics options gridded analyses from NCEP Global Forecast System used initial boundary conditions. Forecasts at 5-km resolution between 8 10 h after time 79 storm systems that are distributed over Thailand nearby regions span...

Active and passive microwave remote sensing estimates of surface precipitation based on signals from hydrometeors aloft require correction for evaporated that would otherwise reach the ground. This paper develops compares two near-surface evaporation methods using years data 509 globally distributed rain gauges three millimeter-wave Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSUs) aboard National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites (NOAA-15, NOAA-16, NOAA-18). The first type is a...

This paper develops a precipitation retrieval algorithm for the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) recently launched aboard U.S. Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite. The is called ATMS MIT Precipitation version 1 (ATMP-1), employs neural network estimators trained and evaluated using validated global reference physical model NCEP/MM5/TBSCAT/F(λ), works snow-free land seawater with |latitudes|<;50°. Signals were carefully chosen principal component...

Abstract This paper presents independent multi‐instrument observations that address the physical mechanisms of how ultralow‐frequency (ULF) wave‐associated electric fields initiate ionospheric density fluctuation and scintillation at equator. Since magnetic field equator is entirely embedded in a relatively high‐collision high‐conductivity medium, condition may not be possible for geomagnetic to fluctuate due ULF wave activity. implies fluctuating produced through equatorial dynamo action...

This paper evaluates microphysics and cumulus parameterization schemes of the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model for high-resolution weather forecasting in tropics. WRF forecasts at 5-km resolution between 8 9 hours after initial time 5 representative storm systems over Thailand nearby regions 24 different combinations are evaluated using brightness temperatures coincidentally observed by passive millimeter-wave spectrometer Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) aboard U.S. National...

This study evaluates the high-resolution climate simulation system CESM/WRF composed of global model, Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1, and mesoscale Weather Research Forecasting (WRF), for simulating climatological temperature precipitation in tropics with complex terrain where are strongly inhomogeneous. The annual seasonal simulations years 1980–1999 at 10 km resolution Sumatra nearby regions evaluated using observations reanalysis ERA-Interim (ERA). also compared downscaled...

This paper develops a wind forecasting model to be used for power management in northeastern Thailand. The neural network method is employed. Neural networks are trained and evaluated using observations from 17 stations the region. Two forecast times, i.e., 3 6 hours advance 2 altitudes, 65 90 m above ground considered. Inputs include observed speeds at 24 consecutive prior time station. training data more than 174,000 samples years 2011 2012. accuracies 83,000 year 2013. Ten different each...

This paper compares two methods for correcting passive or active microwave surface precipitation estimates based on hydrometeors sensed aloft that may evaporate before landing. These corrections were derived using years of data from 516 globally distributed rain gauges and millimeter-wave Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSU) aboard three NOAA satellites (N15, N16, N18). The first correction reduces rms differences between AMSU annual accumulations (mm) by a separate factor each...

This paper develops and evaluates an artificial neural network (ANN) based runoff forecasting model for river basins without good-quality precipitation data. The study area is Khlong U-Tapao River Basin, Songkhla Province, Thailand. ANNs were developed separately Ban Takienphao Muangkong hydrological stations. Inputs include observed water levels from upstream stations at different times least 12 hours ahead of the forecast time. 12-hour accuracy was evaluated by using data year 2008...

This study evaluates the performance of Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) for simulating biomass burning aerosol transport at high resolution in tropics using two different emission inventories. Hourly, daily, monthly average PM10 dry mass concentrations 5 km resolution—simulated separately Brazilian Biomass Burning Emission (WRF-3BEM) Fire Inventory from NCAR (WRF-FINN) their averages (WRF-AVG) 3 months February to April—are evaluated, measurements ground...

This paper compares surface precipitation rates retrieved for the United States Great Plains (USGP) during summer of 2004 using Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) aboard NOAA-15 and -16 satellites with similar products produced by AMSR-E NASA Aqua satellite, SSM/I DMSP F-13, -14, -15 satellites, TMI TRMM a doppler radar product (NOWRAD) Weather Services International Corporation (WSI). AMSU were neural network algorithms trained either cloud-resolving MM5 physical model 106 global...

This paper presents and evaluates a global precipitation retrieval algorithm for the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS). It is based on those developed earlier Advanced Sounding Unit (AMSU) employs neural networks trained with 122 storms that spanned year were simulated using fifth-generation National Center Atmospheric Research/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) radiative transfer program validated AMSU observations. Only non-icy surfaces at latitudes less than 50° have been...