The goal of the present protocol is to describe forced swim test (FST), which one most commonly used assays for study depressive-like behavior in rodents. FST based on assumption that when placing an animal a container filled with water, it will first make efforts escape but eventually exhibit immobility may be considered reflect measure behavioral despair. This has been extensively because involves exposure animals stress, was shown have role tendency major depression. Additionally, share...

We study a model of cheap talk with one substantive assumption: The sender's preferences are state independent. Our main observation is that such sender gains credibility by degrading self‐serving information. Using this observation, we examine the benefits from communication, assess value commitment, and explicitly solve for sender‐optimal equilibria in three examples. A key result geometric characterization talk, described quasi concave envelope function.

A sender commissions a study to persuade receiver but influences the report with some probability. We show that increasing this probability can benefit and lead discontinuous drop in sender's payoffs. To derive our results, we geometrically characterize highest equilibrium payoff, which is based on concavification of capped value function.

This paper considers a moral hazard problem where the agent can choose any output distribution with support in given compact set. The agent's effort‐cost is smooth and increasing first‐order stochastic dominance. To analyze this model, we develop generalized notion of approach applicable to optimization problems over measures. We demonstrate each be implemented identify those contracts that implement distribution. These are characterized by simple condition for equates marginal cost changing...

Abstract Background Uncorrected refractive error is reported to be the most common cause globally of vision impairment in school age children. However, little known about extent uncorrected Israel. The purpose this study was investigate prevalence schoolchildren recruited for Israel Refraction, Environment, And Devices (iREAD) Study. Methods Healthy boys, ages 5–13 years, were participate iREAD Parents first answered a questionnaire exclude children with history amblyopia, strabismus, or...

This study analyzes the relationship between contrast-sensitivity and higher-order aberrations (HOA) in mild subclinical-keratoconus subjects with good visual-acuity (VA). Keratoconus group (including subclinical-keratoconus) controls underwent autokeratometry, corneal-tomography, autorefraction HOA measurement. Contrast-sensitivity was tested using a psychophysical two-alternative forced-choice Gabor patches three blocks (6, 9, 12 cycles/deg). Controls were compared to keratoconus subgroup...

Studies using questionnaires report that COVID-19 restrictions resulted in children spending significantly less time outdoors. This study used objective measures to assess the impact of pandemic-related on children’s behavior. A total 19 healthy 8–12-year-old boys were observed before and during social restriction periods. Of these, 11 reassessed after lifted. For each session, Actiwatches dispensed for outdoors, activity, sleep. Changes overall by school status assessed signed-rank test...

A seller bargains with a rationally inattentive buyer (Sims 2003) over good of random quality. After observing quality, the makes take-it-or-leave-it offer. The pays attention to seller’s product and offer at cost proportional expected entropy reduction. Because is free off-path, multiple equilibria emerge, many which are efficient. trembling-hand-like refinement (Selten 1975) rules out efficiency, delivering complete disagreement when expensive unique equilibrium trade cheap. In this...

This paper analyzes a bilateral trade model in which the buyer's valuation for object is uncertain and she can privately purchase any signal about her valuation. The seller makes take-it-or-leave-it offer to buyer. cost of smooth increasing informativeness. We characterize set equilibria when learning free show that they are strongly Pareto ranked. Our main result costly but information goes zero, converge worst free-learning equilibrium.

A sender commissions a study to persuade receiver, but influences the report with some probability. We show that increasing this probability can benefit receiver and lead discontinuous drop in sender’s payoffs. To derive our results, we geometrically characterize highest equilibrium payoff, which is based on concavification of capped value function.

Evidence supporting the contributions of near work in myopia is equivocal. Findings from this pilot study suggest that a high prevalence ultra-Orthodox boys may be attributed to intense at school and learning read preschool an early age.This aimed assess factors influence three groups Jewish with different educational demands.Healthy ultra-Orthodox, religious, secular (n = 36) aged 8 12 years participated. Refractive status, education, time spent reading writing, electronic device use were...

Significance Early in life, humans spontaneously learn to extract complex visual information without external guidance. Current vision models fail replicate such learning, relying instead on extensive supervision. A classic example is gaze understanding, an early-learned skill useful for joint attention and social interaction. We studied understanding children who recovered from early-onset near-complete blindness through late cataract surgery. Following treatment, they acquired sufficient...

Young children are characterized by poor visual performances. Visual crowding, lateral interactions, and contour detection critical functions for perception, context effect, recognition that develop over the years up to maturity. The age at which maturation's onset of can be observed functions' underlying neural basis remain unclear. Here we used a development approach investigate foveal in order learn about their neuronal relationships. We measured integration participants aged 3–15 years....

A seller makes repeated offers to a rationally inattentive buyer (Sims, 2003). The knows the product's quality, which is random. needs pay attention quality and seller's offers. I show that there delay in trade decreases product obtains significant surplus, remains frequent-offers environment with vanishing costs.

A sender commits to an experiment persuade a receiver. Accounting for the sender’s experiment-choice incentives, and not presupposing receiver tie-breaking rule when indifferent, we characterize equilibrium payoff is unique so coincides with her “Bayesian persuasion” value. sufficient condition in finite models that every action which receiver-optimal at some belief uniquely optimal other belief—a generic property. We similarly show typically ordered models. In extension, uniqueness...

To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in Jewish and Arab college students Israel associations with ethnicity sex.In this retrospective cross-sectional study, first-year underwent non-cycloplegic autorefraction answered a questionnaire to assess age, sex, self-identified ethnicity. Spherical equivalent error (SER) was calculated, hyperopia (>+0.50 Diopter, D), emmetropia (>-0.50 +0.50 myopia (≤-0.50D, low ≤-0.50 >-3.0D, moderate <-3.0 >-6.0D, high ≤-6.0D), astigmatism (>0.50D) were...

OPINION article Front. Mol. Neurosci., 23 July 2012Sec. Neuroplasticity and Development Volume 5 - 2012 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2012.00081

Color deficiency is a common inherited disorder affecting 8% of Caucasian males with anomalous trichromacy (AT); it the most type color vision deficiency. Anomalous caused by alteration one three cone-opsins' spectral sensitivity; usually considered to impose marked limitations for daily life as well choice occupation. Nevertheless, we show here that trichromat subjects have superior basic visual functions such acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), and stereo acuity, compared participants...

Young children exhibit poorer visual performance than adults due to immaturity of the fovea and fundamental processing functions such as masking crowding. Recent studies suggest that crowding are closely related size unit—the perceptive field (PF). However, while it is known retina basic develop throughout childhood, not clear whether how changes in PF affect Furthermore, no retinal perceptual development data have been collected from same cohort time. Here we explored developmental process...

Interpupillary distance (IPD) is important in developmental anatomy, genetics, design of optical instrumentation, ocular diagnostics, and prescribing. IPD frequently measured on different days, by either automatic pupillometers (physiological measurement) or manual ruler (anatomical measurement). Therefore, there importance the agreement inter-session repeatability measurements.Monocular from bridge nose binocular near were randomly measured, using a millimeter Essilor Pupillon pupillometer....