The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number different heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access selected subsets data for the development plethora digital services. Building general architecture IoT is hence very complex task, mainly because extremely variety devices, link layer technologies, services that may involved in such system. In this paper, we focus specifically an urban system that, still being quite broad...

Reliable data connectivity is vital for the ever increasingly intelligent, automated, and ubiquitous digital world. Mobile networks are highways and, in a fully connected, intelligent world, will need to connect everything, including people vehicles, sensors, data, cloud resources, even robotic agents. Fifth generation (5G) wireless networks, which currently being deployed, offer significant advances beyond LTE, but may be unable meet full demands of future society. Therefore, this article...

Connectivity is probably the most basic building block of IoT paradigm. Up to now, two main approaches provide data access things have been based on either multihop mesh networks using short-range communication technologies in unlicensed spectrum, or long-range legacy cellular technologies, mainly 2G/GSM/GPRS, operating corresponding licensed frequency bands. Recently, these reference models challenged by a new type wireless connectivity, characterized low-rate, transmission sub-gigahertz...

In this paper, we propose a novel forwarding technique based on geographical location of the nodes involved and random selection relaying node via contention among receivers. We focus multihop performance such solution, in terms average number hops to reach destination as function distance available neighbors. An idealized scheme (in which best relay is always chosen) discussed its evaluated by means both simulation analytical techniques. A practical select one relays shown achieve very...

This paper examines the main approaches and challenges in design implementation of underwater wireless sensor networks. We summarize key applications phenomena related to acoustic propagation, discuss how they affect operation communication systems networking protocols at various layers. also provide an overview communications hardware, testbeds simulation tools available research community.

In this article we provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on techniques and protocols for in-network aggregation in wireless sensor networks. We first define suitable criteria to classify solutions, then describe them by separately addressing different layers protocol stack while highlighting role cross-layer design approach, which is likely be needed optimal performance. Throughout identify discuss open issues, propose directions future research area

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies offer the availability of huge bandwidths to provide unprecedented data rates next-generation cellular mobile terminals. However, mmWave links are highly susceptible rapid channel variations and suffer from severe free-space pathloss atmospheric absorption. To address these challenges, base stations terminals will use directional antennas achieve sufficient link budget in wide area networks. consequence is need for precise alignment transmitter...

In this paper, we study a novel forwarding technique based on geographical location of the nodes involved and random selection relaying node via contention among receivers. We provide detailed description MAC scheme these concepts collision avoidance report its energy latency performance. A simplified analysis is given first, some relevant trade offs are highlighted, parameter optimization pursued. Further, semi-Markov model developed which provides more accurate performance evaluation....

In this article, we present the current status of Internet Things, and discuss how situation many "Intranets" Things should evolve into a much more integrated heterogeneous system. We also summarize what in our opinion are main wirelessand mobility-related technical challenges that lie ahead, outline some initial ideas on such can be addressed order to facilitate IoT's development acceptance next few years. describe case study IoT protocol architecture.

The millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band is seen as a key enabler of multigigabit wireless access in future cellular networks. In order to overcome the propagation challenges, mmWave systems use large number antenna elements both at base station and user equipment, which leads high directivity gains, fully directional communications, possible noise-limited operations. fundamental differences between networks traditional ones challenge classical design constraints, objectives, available...

Many organizations recognize non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) as a key component to provide cost-effective and high-capacity connectivity in future 6th generation (6G) wireless networks. Despite this premise, there are still many questions be answered for proper network design, including those associated latency coverage constraints. In article, after reviewing research activities on NTNs, we present the characteristics enabling technologies of NTNs 6G landscape shed light challenges field...

Transmission of data blocks on a fading mobile radio channel is considered. The binary process the success and failure investigated, accuracy Markov approximation studied. It shown through analysis simulation that first-order good approximation. Data-link performance ARQ protocols considered as an example application.

In this paper, we investigate the actual performance of some best known localization algorithms when deployed in real-world indoor environments. Among plethora possible schemes, focus on those based radio signal strength measurements only, since they do not require extra circuitry that would result higher cost and energy consumption. For a fair comparison, have first gathered thousands two different To estimate channel model parameters to compare these data been used.

Multi-hop transmission is considered for large coverage areas in bandwidth-limited underwater acoustic networks. In this paper, we present a scalable routing technique based on location information, and optimized minimum energy per bit consumption. The proposed Focused Beam Routing (FBR) protocol suitable networks containing both static mobile nodes, which are not necessarily synchronized to global clock. A source node must be aware of its own the final destination, but those other nodes.

From being a scientific curiosity only few years ago, energy harvesting (EH) is well on its way to becoming game-changing technology in the field of autonomous wireless networked systems. The promise long-term, uninterrupted and self-sustainable operation diverse array applications has captured interest academia industry alike. Yet road ultimate network perpetual communicating devices plagued with potholes: ambient intermittent scarce, storage capacity limited, are constrained size...

The massive amounts of bandwidth available at millimeter-wave frequencies (roughly above 10 GHz) have the potential to greatly increase capacity fifth generation cellular wireless systems. However, overcome high isotropic pathloss experienced these frequencies, directionality will be required both base station and mobile user equipment establish sufficient link budget in wide area networks. This reliance on has important implications for control layer procedures. Initial access particular...

This letter studies the power-limited throughput of a communication system utilizing incremental redundancy (INR) hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ). We use some recent results on achievable rates finite-length codes to analyze performance. With codewords finite length, we derive closed-form expressions for outage probabilities INR HARQ and study in cases with variable-length coding. Moreover, evaluate effect feedback delay sufficient conditions usefulness protocols, terms throughput....

The next generation of communication systems, which is commonly referred to as 5G, expected support, besides the traditional voice and data services, new paradigms, such Internet Things (IoT) Machine-to-Machine (M2M) involve between Machine-Type Devices (MTDs) in a fully automated fashion, thus, without or with minimal human intervention. Although general requirements 5G systems are progressively taking shape, technological issues raised by vision still partially unclear. Nonetheless,...

The quest for sustainable energy models is the main factor driving research on smart grid technology. SGs represent bridging paradigm to enable highly efficient production, transport, and consumption along whole chain, from source user. Although this concept promises be very fruitful, how deploy it in real world has just begun. A discussion enabling technologies a possible roadmap profitable evolution thereof focus of article. After introducing recent trends that are pushing SG paradigm, we...

Due to its potential for multi-gigabit and low latency wireless links, millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is expected play a central role in 5th generation cellular systems. While there has been considerable progress understanding the mmWave physical layer, innovations will be required at all layers of protocol stack, both access core network. Discrete-event network simulation essential end-to-end, cross-layer research development. This paper provides tutorial on recently developed...

This paper proposes the Internet of Things communication framework as main enabler for distributed worldwide health care applications. Starting from recent availability wireless medical sensor prototypes and growing diffusion electronic record databases, we analyze requirements a unified framework. Our investigation takes move by decomposing storyline day in Robert's life, our unlucky character not so far future, into simple processes their interactions. Subsequently, devise those...

The millimeter wave (mmWave) bands offer the possibility of orders magnitude greater throughput for fifth generation (5G) cellular systems. However, since mmWave signals are highly susceptible to blockage, channel quality on any one link can be extremely intermittent. This paper implements a novel dual connectivity protocol that enables mobile user equipment (UE) devices maintain physical layer connections 4G and 5G cells simultaneously. A uplink control signaling system combined with local...

Millimeter wave (mmWave) bands have attracted considerable recent interest for next-generation cellular systems due to the massive available spectrum at these frequencies. However, a key challenge in designing mmWave is initial access-the procedure by which mobile device establishes an link-layer connection cell. MmWave communication relies on highly directional transmissions and access must thus provide mechanism transmission directions can be searched potentially large angular space....