Inhibitory control, the ability to overcome prepotent but ineffective behaviors, has been studied extensively across species, revealing involvement of this in many different aspects life. While various paradigms have created order measure inhibitory only a limited number studies investigated whether such measurements indeed evaluate same underlying mechanism, especially non-human animals. In humans, control is complex construct composed distinct behavioral processes rather than single...

Abstract Inhibiting an immediate behaviour in favour of alternative but more advantageous has been linked to individual success life, especially humans. Dogs, which have living the human environment for thousands years, are exposed daily situations that require inhibition different context from other non-domesticated species. One task regularly used study inhibitory control is delay gratification task, requires individuals choose between option lower value and a delayed higher value. We...

Inequity aversion has been proposed to act as a limiting factor for cooperation, thus preventing subjects from disadvantageous cooperative interactions. While recent study revealed that also dogs show some sensitivity inequity, the underlying mechanisms of this behaviour are still unclear. The aim current was threefold: 1) replicate by Range et al. (2009, PNAS, 106, 340–345); 2) investigate emotional involved in inequity response measuring heart rate and 3) explore link between cooperation...

Being able to inhibit certain behaviours is of clear advantage in various situations. In particular, it has been suggested that inhibitory control plays a role problem-solving and cooperation. Interspecific differences the capacity for have attributed social ecological factors, while one additional factor, namely domestication, received only little attention so far. Dogs are an interesting species test effects socio-ecological factors also influence domestication on abilities. While dogs...

Abstract Social complexity may select for socio‐cognitive abilities. The “loose string” task has become a comparative benchmark paradigm investigating cooperative problem‐solving abilities in many species, thus enhancing our understanding of their evolution. It requires two individuals working together to solve problem, specifically by pulling the ends string simultaneously move reward towards them. A dyad's performance therefore depends on individuals’ ability coordinate action. Many...

Inequity aversion is thought to act as a mechanism ensure cooperation and has been studied in many different species, consistently revealing inter-individual variation. Inhibitory control proposed one factor responsible for this variation since individuals need inhibit performing the required action and/or refuse rewards order exhibit inequity aversion. Here, we investigated if dogs' sensitivity affected by their capacity inhibitory control, assessed test battery questionnaire. Overall, dogs...

Self-control has been shown to be linked with being cooperative and successful in humans the g-factor chimpanzees. As such, it is likely play an important role all forms of problem-solving. Self-control, however, does not just vary across individuals but seems also dependent on ecological niche respective species. With dogs having selected live human environment, several domestication hypotheses have predicted that are better at self-control thus more tolerant longer delays than wolves. Here...

Cooperation is only beneficial if the outcome equally shared between individuals involved in cooperative interaction. A mechanism to limit development of unequal cooperation inequity aversion, negative reaction treatment. While aversion has been studied extensively across many animal species, it remains unclear whether elicited experimental settings directed partner or rather experimenter distributing rewards unequally. In current study we aimed further investigate presence an essential...

Prosociality is defined as a voluntary, typically low-cost behaviour that benefits another individual. Social tolerance has been proposed potential driver for its evolution, both on the proximate and ultimate level. Parrots are an interesting species to study such other-regarding behaviours, given they highly social stand out in terms of relative brain size cognitive capacity. We tested eight African grey parrots dyadic prosocial choice test. They faced between two different tokens, (actor...

Forgoing immediate satisfaction for higher pay-offs in the future (delayed gratification) could be adaptive situations that wild animals may encounter. To explain species-differences self-control, hypotheses based on social complexity, feeding ecology, brain size and metabolic rate have been proposed. explore these a comparative setting, we tested three macaw species (neotropical parrots)-great green macaws (N = 8), blue-throated 6), blue-headed 6)-and distantly related African grey parrots...

Abstract Inequity aversion, the negative reaction to unequal treatment, is considered a mechanism for stabilizing cooperative interactions between non-kin group members. However, this might only be adaptive species that switch partners. Utilizing comparative approach, inequity aversion has been assessed in many mammalian and recently also corvids one parrot species, kea, revealing mixed results. To broaden our knowledge about phylogenetic distribution of we tested four token exchange...

Inequity aversion, the resistance to inequitable outcomes, has been demonstrated in a wide variety of animal species. aversion was hypothesised have co-evolved with cooperation but only limited evidence supports this. Dogs provide suitable model species test this hypothesis as dogs were previously shown be inequity averse and dog breeds vary extent which they selected for cooperativeness. Here, we compared response 12 individuals "cooperative worker" that "independent "paw task" used...

Learning by observing others (i.e. social learning) is an important mechanism to reduce the costs of individual learning. Social learning can occur between conspecifics but also heterospecifics. Domestication processes might have changed animals' sensitivity human cues and recent research indicates that domesticated species are particularly good in socially from humans. Llamas (Lama glama) interesting model for purpose. were bred as pack animals, which requires close contact cooperative...

Self-control, defined as the ability to forgo immediate satisfaction in favor of better pay-offs future, has been extensively studied, revealing enormous variation between and within species. Horses are interesting this regard because a grazing species they expected show low self-control whereas its social complexity might be linked high abilities. Additionally, may key factor training and/or coping with potentially stressful husbandry conditions. We assessed horses' abilities simplified...

Socially flexible species might be at an advantage when facing environmental unpredictability, human-induced rapid changes, or unnatural conditions such as encountered in captivity. The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was originally described solitarily living forest-dwelling species. In recent decades, it has expanded its range into urban and agricultural areas forming large aggregations open habitats. Captive environments are thought to mimic some challenges rapidly changing...

Helping others to obtain benefits, even at a cost oneself (altruism), poses an evolutionary puzzle (Clutton-Brock 2009). While kin selection explains such ‘selfless’ acts amongst relatives, only reciprocity (paying back received favours) entails fitness benefits for unrelated individuals (Taborsky et al. 2016). So far, experimental evidence both altruistic helping and reciprocal altruism has been reported in few mammals but no avian species (Massen 2015). In order gain insights into the...

Abstract Learning by observing others (i.e. social learning) is an important mechanism to reduce the costs of individual learning. Social learning can occur between conspecifics but also heterospecifics. Domestication processes might have changed animals’ sensitivity human cues and recent research indicates that domesticated species are particularly good in socially from humans. Llamas ( Lama glama ) interesting model for purpose. were bred as pack animals, which requires close contact...