China’s rapid development and urbanization have induced large numbers of rural residents to migrate from their homes urban areas in search better job opportunities. Parents typically leave children behind with a caregiver, creating new, potentially vulnerable subpopulation left-behind areas. A growing number policies nongovernmental organization efforts target these children. The primary objective this study was examine whether are really the most need special programs. Pulling data...

Over the past decade, China has implemented reforms designed to expand access health care in rural areas. Little objective evidence exists, however, on quality of that care. This study reports results from a standardized patient assess delivered by village clinicians China. To measure quality, we recruited individuals local community serve as undercover patients and trained them present consistent symptoms two common illnesses (dysentery angina). Based 82 covert interactions between...

Although there is evidence that was gender inequality in China's education system the 1980s, literature China has mixed on improvements educational attainment over past three decades. Some suggest still severe; others report progress. We seek to understand progress made (if any) reducing since 1980s. To meet this goal, we use a meta‐analysis approach which provides new quantitative review of relatively large volume empirical differentials. This article analyzes differences across both time...

This article explores the problem of cognitive delays among toddlers in rural China and role their caregivers producing low levels cognition (i.e., IQ). According to results a well-tested international scale child development, Bayley Scales Infant Development (BSID), are alarmingly common, nearly half our sample score an IQ less than 84 on BSID test (more one standard deviation below mean). In analyzing source this, we find that poor parenting—for example, not reading to, singing with, or...

Background Empirical evidence suggests that the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in remote and poor rural areas is still high among children, most vulnerable to infection. There concern STH may detrimentally affect children's healthy development, including their cognitive ability, nutritional status, school performance. Medical studies have not yet identified exact nature impact on children. The objective this study examine relationship between developmental outcomes...

Half of rural toddlers aged 0-3 years in China's Qinling Mountainous region are cognitively delayed. While recent studies have linked poor child development measures to the absence positive parenting behaviors, much less is known about role that caregiver depression might play shaping development. In this paper, a mixed methods analysis used explore prevalence depression; measure association between and children's developmental delays, correlates depression, potential reasons for among women...

Anemia is one of the most prevalent public health problems among infants and iron deficiency anemia has been related to many adverse consequences. The overall goal this study examine prevalence in poor rural China identify correlates anemia. In April 2013, we randomly sampled 948 aged 6–11 months living 351 villages across 174 townships nationally-designated poverty counties areas southern Shaanxi Province, China. Infants were administered a finger prick blood test for hemoglobin (Hb)....

This study aims to investigate the developmental status of rural Chinese children, extent interactive parenting they receive, and relation between two. A sample 448 six eighteen-month-old children their caregivers were randomly selected from two counties in Hebei Yunnan provinces. According third edition Bayley Scales Infant Toddler Development, 48.7% exhibited cognitive delays, 40.6% language 35% social-emotional delays. responses caregivers, China is largely passive, lacking practices like...

Choosing a valid and feasible method to measure child developmental outcomes is key addressing delays, which have been shown be associated with high levels of unemployment, participation in crime, teen pregnancies. However, measuring early childhood development (ECD) multi-dimensional diagnostic tests such as the Bayley Scales Infant Toddler Development III (Bayley-III) can time-consuming expensive; therefore, parental screening tools Ages Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) are frequently an...

Abstract A key challenge in developing countries interested providing early childhood development (ECD) programmes at scale is whether these can be effectively delivered through existing public service infrastructures. We present the results of a randomised experiment evaluating effects home-based parenting programme by cadres China’s Family Planning Commission (FPC)—the former enforcers one-child policy. find that significantly increased infant skill after six months and investments...

ABSTRACT: Objective: To provide an empirical overview of the parenting landscape in rural China, focusing on 18- to 30-month-old children and their caregivers Shaanxi province. Methods: We collected unique data 1442 caregiver-toddler dyads areas province examined caregiver attitudes toward parenting, sources information about interactive practices, how each these differed across generations. measured informed practices. Finally, we levels child development our sample association between...

We conducted a survey of 1707 children in 141 impoverished rural areas Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces Southwest China. Kato-Katz smear testing stool samples elucidated the prevalence ascariasis, trichuriasis hookworm infections pre-school school aged children. Demographic, hygiene, household anthropometric data were collected to better understand risks for infection this population. 21.2 percent 22.9 infected with at least one three types STH. In Guizhou, 33.9 infected, as 40.1 Sichuan, these...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the policy and trends in rural education China over past 40 years; also discuss a number challenges that are faced by China’s school system. Design/methodology/approach authors use secondary data on policies years for preschool, primary/junior high school, school. Findings all areas schooling have been continually upward strong. While only low share children attended preschool 1980s, 2014 more than 90 percent were attending. biggest...

Empty-nest elderly refers to those with no children or whose have already left home. Few studies focused on healthcare service use among empty-nest seniors, and identified the prevalence profiles of non-use services elderly. The purpose this study is compare between non-empty-nest identify risk factors for seniors. Four thousand four hundred sixty nine seniors (60 years above) were draw from a cross-sectional conducted in three urban districts rural counties Shandong Province China....

Background and Objectives Development during the first two years of life is critical has a lasting impact on child's health. Poor infant child nutrition can lead to deficiencies in essential micronutrients, which may cause weakened immune system effects children's growth development. Recent studies rural Shaanxi Province found an anemia prevalence 54.3% among children aged six twelve months. While new large-scale, quantitative research begun catalogue extent malnutrition anemia, no effort...

Objectives Research increasingly indicates the importance of nutritional programming that occurs in first 2–3 years life. Quality nutrition during this brief window has been shown to have large and significant effects on health development throughout childhood even into adulthood. Despite widespread understanding critical window, long-term consequences leaving deficiencies unaddressed, little is known about status infant rural China, or relationship between cognitive China. Design, setting...

Visual impairment is common among children in rural China, but fewer than one-third of with poor vision own and wear eyeglasses.To study the effect hospital-based centers on academic performance, ownership eyeglasses, eyeglasses-wearing behavior Chinese children.Cluster randomized, investigator-masked, clinical trial from September 2014 through June 2015. A center capable providing refractive services was established Hospital Yongshou County, a nationally designated county Shaanxi Province,...

Background Breastfeeding self-efficacy is known to positively influence breastfeeding behaviors. While previous research has studied the determinants of in general, these are unstudied among postpartum women rural China. This study aims describe China and identify using Dennis framework. Methods Using a multi-stage random cluster sampling design, cross-sectional survey data were collected from 787 within 0–6 months period 80 townships. Surveys on self-efficacy, characteristics related...

Anemia early in life has been associated with delayed cognitive and motor development. The WHO recommends home fortification using multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs) containing iron as a strategy to address anemia children under two. We evaluated the effects of program freely distributing MNP sachets caregivers infants rural China. conducted cluster-randomized controlled trial Shaanxi province, enrolling all aged 6–11 months target villages. Following baseline survey, investigators...

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) prevalence and its determinants between empty-nest non-empty-nest elderly households. Setting Shandong province China. Participants A total 2761 households are included in analysis. Results CHE incidence among 44.9%. singles (59.3%, p=0.000, OR=3.19) couples (52.9%, OR=2.45) both statistically higher than that (31.4%). An inverse association observed income level all household types. Factors including 1...