Animal displays are often perceived by intended and unintended receivers in more than one sensory system. In addition, cues that an incidental consequence of signal production can also be different receivers, even when the use systems to perceive them. Here we show vocal responses male túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) increase twofold call-induced water ripples added acoustic component a rival's call. Hunting bats (Trachops cirrhosus) echolocate this by-product prefer attack model This...

Anthropogenic noise can interfere with environmental information processing and thereby reduce survival reproduction. Receivers of signals cues in particular depend on perceptual strategies to adjust noisy conditions. We found that predators hunt using prey sounds the negative impact by making use conveyed through additional sensory systems. In presence masking noise, but not its absence, frog-eating bats preferred were faster attacking a robotic frog emitting multiple cues. The behavioral...

Romancing the Frog In túngara frogs, auditory and visual components of mate calling do not naturally occur together. Taylor Ryan (p. 273 , published online 6 June) now show that two signals are unattractive to female frogs when presented alone become highly attractive a kind “perceptual rescue,” unique combination increased receiver's interest in previously uninteresting signals.

SUMMARY Multimodal signals (acoustic+visual) are known to be used by many anuran amphibians during courtship displays. The relative degree which each signal component influences female mate choice, however, remains poorly understood. In this study we a robotic frog with an inflating vocal sac and acoustic playbacks document responses of túngara frogs unimodal components (acoustic visual). We then tested synchronous multimodal signal. Finally, the influence spatial temporal variation between...

As reading fiction can challenge us to better understand fact, using fake animals sometimes serve as our best solution understanding the behavior of real animals. The use dummies, doppelgangers, fakes, and physical models have served elicit behaviors in animal experiments since early history studies, and, more recently, robotic been employed by researchers further coax from their study subjects. Here, we review robots service behavior, describe detail production one type robot – "faux" frogs...

Many sexual displays contain multiple components that are received through a variety of sensory modalities. Primary and secondary signal can interact to induce novel receiver responses become targets selection as complex signals. However, predators also use these signals for prey assessment, which may limit the evolution elaborate We tested whether multimodal display male túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus) increases predation risk from fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus) when compared...

Predators often eavesdrop on sexual displays of their prey. These can provide multimodal cues that aid predators, but the benefits in attending to them should depend environmental sensory conditions under which they forage. We assessed whether bats hunting for frogs use locate prey and varies with ambient conditions. used a robotic set-up mimicking display male túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus) test assessment by fringe-lipped (Trachops cirrhosus). predatory primarily sound frog's call...

Abstract Disentangling the influence of multiple signal components on receivers and elucidating general processes influencing complex evolution are difficult tasks. In this study we test mate preferences female squirrel treefrogs Hyla squirella túngara frogs Physalaemus pustulosus for similar combinations acoustic visual their multimodal courtship signals. a two-choice playback experiment with treefrogs, stimulus male model significantly increased attractivness relatively unattractive slow...

Noise is a common problem in animal communication. We know little, however, about how animals communicate the presence of noise using multimodal signals. Multimodal signals are hypothesised to be favoured by evolution because they increase efficacy detection and discrimination noisy environments. tested hypothesis that female túngara frogs' responses attractive male advertisement calls improved when visual signal component added available choices. this at two levels decision complexity (two...

Technology-driven advances in the gathering, processing and delivery of big data are making it easier to monitor forests make informed decisions over their use management. This paper first describes how innovations remote sensing cloud computing enabling generation geospatial more often, at lower cost user-friendly formats. Second, evolution systems technologies trace forest products, agricultural commodities linked deforestation, from source final use. Third, reviews potential for emerging...

Currently, many composite materials have been used in the filling of access openings for screw-retained implant prosthesis. The main disadvantage these is compromise esthetics that they place on crown. An additional leakage bacterial contaminants around traditional light-cured composites placed screw hole. This article introduces a technique uses opaqueing and expansion properties panacea (Zeza Inc, Chester, NY) resin to help remedy problems. fabrication silicone obturator explained previous...