In several areas of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed-response tasks at a rate determined by value reward expected end trial. The activity these might be related to or degree motivation induced expectation reward. We describe results indicating that nature reward-dependent varies across areas. Neuronal in orbitofrontal cortex represents reward, whereas neuronal premotor reflects motivation.

Abstract We have examined the origin and topography of cortical projections to area PO, an extrastriate visual located in parieto‐occipital sulcus macaque. Distinguishable retrograde fluorescent tracers were injected into PO at separate retinotopic loci identified by single‐neuron recording. The results indicate that receives retinotopically organized inputs from areas V1, V2, V3, V4, MT. In each these projection arises representation periphery field. This finding is consistent with...

One of the most fundamental functions brain is to predict upcoming events on basis recent past. A closely related function signal when a prediction has been violated. The identity regions that mediate these not known. We set out determine whether they are implemented at level single neurons in visual system. gave monkeys prolonged exposure pairs images presented fixed sequence so each leading image became strong predictor for corresponding trailing image. then monitored responses...

In several regions of the macaque brain, neurons fire during delayed response tasks at a rate determined by value reward expected end trial. The activity these might be related either to internal representation appetitive or motivation-dependent variations in monkey's level motor preparation output. According first interpretation, reward-related should most prominent areas affiliated with limbic system. second it To distinguish between alternatives, we carried out single-neuron recording...

Following initial rearing in either total darkness or normal illumination, kittens at different ages were subjected to right-eye closure and various periods of vision through the left eye. After period monocular vision, single units striate cortex tested for visual responsiveness each A severe reduction proportion responsive deprived eye occurred over first few days vision. Functional abnormalities variably present after 1 day, marked 2.5 3.5 days, complete 10 days. Monocular produced very...

Salience, Values, and Decisions How does the brain make value-based decisions? There are two major competing models: goodsbased model action-based of value. Leathers Olson (p. 132 ) designed a critical experiment to decide between these views. In monkey brain, lateral intraparietal neurons responded strongly stimuli predicting both large rewards penalties, encoding salience stimulus rather than reward value, which refutes models.

Humans and animals confuse lateral mirror images, such as the letters “b” “d,” more often than vertical “p.” Experiments were performed to find a neural correlate of this phenomenon. Visually responsive pattern-selective neurons in inferotemporal cortex macaque monkeys responded similarly members mirror-image pair pair. The phenomenon developed within 20 milliseconds onset visual response persisted its end. It occurred during presentation stimuli both at fovea periphery.

Statistical learning has been widely proposed as a mechanism by which observers learn to decompose complex sensory scenes. To determine how robust statistical is, we investigated the impact of attention and perceptual grouping on visual shapes. Observers were presented with stimuli containing two shapes that either connected bar or unconnected. When required attend both locations at presented, degree was unaffected whether not. However, when just one shapes' locations, observed only...

It has been suggested on the basis of previous studies involving functional MRI (fMRI) and single-neuron recording that neurons supplementary eye field (SEF) anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) monitor conflict. To test this idea, we carried out microelectrode in monkeys performing a color-conditional movement task which red green cues instructed leftward rightward saccades, respectively. In variant inducing conflict by spatial incompatibility, cue was presented either at location target (no...

Neurons in monkey orbitofrontal cortex (OF) are known to respond reward-predicting cues with a strength that depends on the value of predicted reward as determined 1) by intrinsic attributes including size and quality 2) extrinsic factors monkey's state satiation awareness what other rewards currently available. We pose here question whether another factor critical determining value-the delay expected elapse before delivery-influences neuronal activity OF. To answer this question, we...

Abstract We have mapped out the ectosylvian visual area (EVA) of cat in a series single‐ and multiunit recording studies. EVA occupies 10–20 mm 2 cortex at posterior end horizontal limb anterior sulcus. borders on somatosensory anteriorly, auditory posteriorly, nonresponsive laterally. exhibits limited retinotopic organization, as indicated by fact that receptive fields shift gradually with tangential travel microelectrode through cortex. However, point‐to‐point representation complete...

In tasks requiring judgments about visual stimuli, humans exhibit repetition priming, responding with increased speed when a stimulus is repeated. Repetition priming might depend on suppression, phenomenon first observed in monkey inferotemporal cortex (IT) whereby, repeated, the strength of neuronal response reduced. If reduction resulted sharpening cortical representation stimulus, and did not just scale it down, then speeded processing result. To explore relation between we monitored...

1. Posterior cingulate cortex, although widely regarded as a part of the limbic system, is connected most strongly to parietal and frontal areas with sensory, motor, cognitive functions. To gain insight into functional nature posterior we have recorded from its neurons in monkeys performing oculomotor tasks known activate neurons. We found that fire during periods ocular fixation at rate determined by angle gaze size direction preceding eye movement. 2. The activity 530 was monitored while...

The aim of the experiments reported here was to identify cortical and subcortical forebrain structures from which anterior cingulate cortex (CGa) receives input in cat. Deposits retrograde tracers were placed at nine sites spanning area patterns transport analyzed. Thalamic projections CGa, descending order strength, originate anteromedial nucleus, lateroposterior ventroanterior rostral intralaminar complex, reuniens mediodorsal laterodorsal nucleus. Minor inconsistent ascending pathways...

If monkeys repeatedly, over the course of weeks, view displays in which two images appear fixed sequence, then neurons inferotemporal cortex (ITC) come to exhibit prediction suppression. The response trailing image is weaker if it follows leading with was paired during training than some other image. Prediction suppression a plausible neural mechanism for statistical learning visual transitions such as has been demonstrated behavioral studies human infants and adults. However, studies,...

It is thought that neuronal activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents the value of anticipated reward; however many other brain areas also seems to reflect expected reward value. For example, we have shown monkeys performing a memory-guided saccade task for variable size, numerous frontal stronger when monkey anticipates larger reward. The these neurons might be related or degree motivation induced by expectation Anticipation more valued leads motivation, as evidenced measures...

The posterior cingulate area (CGp) of the cat consists cortex on exposed gyrus and in adjacent ventral bank splenial sulcus. We have placed deposits distinguishable fluorescent tracers at multiple restricted sites CGp analyzed distribution throughout forebrain neurons labeled by retrograde transport. Cortical projections to arise (in approximately descending order strength) from anterior cortex; prefrontal premotor areas including frontal eye fields; visual especially 7 20b; parahippocampal...