Future 5th generation networks are expected to enable three key services-enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications and ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC). As per the 3rd partnership project URLLC requirements, it is that reliability of one transmission a 32 byte packet will be at least 99.999% most 1 ms. This unprecedented level yield various new applications, such as smart grids, industrial automation intelligent transport systems. In this survey we present potential...

Quality of Service (QoS) and queue management are important issues for IEEE 802.11 systems. However, existing 2-dimensional (2-D) Markov chain models systems unable to capture the complete QoS performance queueing behavior due lack an adequate finite buffer model. We present a 3-dimensional (3-D) that integrates system contention resolution processes into one The 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> dimension, length,...

In this article, we aim to address the question of how exploit unlicensed spectrum achieve URLLC. Potential URLLC PHY mechanisms are reviewed and then compared via simulations demonstrate their potential benefits Although a number important techniques help with URLLC, layer exhibits an intrinsic trade-off between latency reliability, posed by limited unstable wireless channels. We explore MAC discuss multi-channel strategies for achieving low-latency LTE band access. demonstrate,...

Large scale deployment of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks hinges on the cost and energy efficient design embedded devices. Standard WLAN power save mechanisms, which are designed for human communications, experience performance degradation unbalanced consumptions in M2M networks. We develop a novel analytical model that takes into account fundamentally different network architecture traffic patterns communications. Our accurately characterizes high contention long packet...

In practical radio transmissions, bit error and channel capture are two dominating factors that affect wireless network performance. Previous models have omitted the interaction between capture. We present a homogeneous-network performance-prediction model for Rayleigh fading incorporates both effect transmission into 3-D Markov Chain. accurately characterise packet by incorporating them of receiver operations. show how can be solved efficiently. The provides quality service measures,...

Communication is an enabling technology for the efficient control and management of next-generation Smart Grids. Energy conservation communication devices essential future large scale deployment Grid networks. However, existing power save protocols experience high contention in networks that have a number nodes periodic traffic. We design new energy protocol, Power Save with Offset Listen Interval (PS-OLi), to address such problems. PS-OLi avoids message collisions by controlling station...

The illicit drug methylamphetamine is often prepared from the precursor ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, which in turn are obtained by three processes: extraction Ephedra plant ("natural"), via fermentation of sugars ("semi-synthetic"), and a "fully synthetic" route propiophenone. We report first method to differentiate between industrial routes used produce precursors pseudoephedrine measurement stable isotope ratios nitrogen (δ(15)N), hydrogen (δ(2)H), carbon (δ(13)C). Analysis 782 samples...

With the release of 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum has emerged licensed-assisted access, in which long-term evolution (LTE) operators compete with Wi-Fi users for a share so as to augment their licensed spectrum. Subsequently, there been need develop LTE channel access mechanism that enables harmonious coexistence between and LTE. Load-based listen-before-talk (LB-LBT) adopted this by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Theoretical modelling LB-LBT schemes focused on throughput fair...

Quality of service (QoS) and queue management are critical issues for the broadcast scheme IEEE 802.11p systems in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). However, existing 1- dimensional (1-D) Markov chain models unable to capture complete QoS performance queuing behavior due lack an adequate finite buffer model. We present a 2-dimensional (2-D) that integrates system process into one The extra dimension, which length, allows us accurately important measures, delay loss, plus throughput...

The northern Yilgarn Craton, with an extensive mineral exploration history and relatively fresh neutral groundwaters, was selected to test the utility of regional hydrogeochemical mapping in Australia. assembled data 2509 groundwater samples (generally at 4–8 km spacing) are unbiased, allowing robust statistical analysis such as testing sample types (flowing v. ‘stagnant’), contamination, lithological controls on characteristics. Lithological indicators were developed map underlying bedrock...

We report a systematic study of the effects types and positions amino acid residues tripeptides on formation constants logβ, dissociation pKa, copper coordination modes copper(II) complexes with 27 formed from acids glutamic acid, glycine, histidine. logβ values were calculated pH titrations l mmol L(-1):1 L(-1) solutions metal ligand previously reported pKa values. Generalized multiplicative analysis variance (GEMANOVA) was used to model saturated, most protonated, monoprotonated, logβ(CuL)...

Abstract Ethanol is a prohibited substance in professional animal racing as its administration causes physiological effects such depression of the central nervous system. Regulation potential doping agents, including those that inhibit performance, critical to ensure integrity and welfare greyhound racing, but detection ethanol complicated by dietary and/or environmental exposure. In response, reliable analytical method capable detecting recent urine samples was validated implemented. Liquid...

The capture effect can occur in IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) wireless systems when packets arrive with different powers. Packets high power effectively swamp low packets, such that they are received successfully, otherwise a collision would have occurred. We present network performance prediction model accurately incorporates the into 3-D Markov Chain. is solved efficiently Collapsed Transition onto Basis (CTB) approach. of significantly better than existing models...

We report pKa values with measurement uncertainties for all labile protons of the 27 tri-peptides prepared from amino acids glutamic acid (E), glycine (G) and histidine (H). Each tri-peptide (GGG, GGE, GGH, …, HHH) was subjected to alkali titration were calculated triplicate potentiometric titrations data using HyperQuad 2008 software. A generalized multiplicative analysis variance (GEMANOVA) most acidic proton gave optimum model having two terms, an interaction between end plus isolated...

The existence of relatively long LTE data blocks within the licensed-assisted access (LAA) framework results in bursty machine-type communications (MTC) packet arrivals, which cause system performance degradation and present new challenges Markov modeling. We develop an embedded chain to characterize dynamic behavior contention arising from MTC Wi-Fi traffic LAA framework. Our theoretical model reveals a high-contention phenomenon caused by traffic, quantifies resulting for both traffic. is...

We introduce a 3-dimensional Markov chain that integrates the IEEE 802.11 DCF contention resolution and queueing processes into one model. Important QoS measures, delay loss, plus throughput queue length, can be obtained for realistic systems with finite buffer under load. present an efficient method solving steady state probabilities of chain. Simulations confirm accuracy our model, demonstrate model provides new insights protocol.

We consider the impacts of channel fading on quality service (QoS) performance IEEE 802.11 system. Traditional 2-D Markov chain models, while suitable for throughput analysis, are unable to capture QoS due lack a proper queueing model. present 3-D model that incorporates effects and solve efficiently with our Collapsed Transition onto Basis approach. In doing so, we able investigate important measures, packet delay loss, as well throughput, system under practical conditions. The analytical...

Horse racing authorities impose a limit on the concentration of plasma ‘total carbon dioxide’ (TCO2), typically 36 mM with action taken above 37 mM, as measured by an electrochemical gas analyzer. It is interest to understand distribution TCO2 in ‘normal’ population racehorses and determine probabilities members this exceeding these current regulatory limits. levels equine samples have been modelled for 12 months (2011–2012) thoroughbred (3076 measurements) standardbred (3788 data Australia....

In practical radio transmissions, channel capture is a dominating factor that affects wireless network performance. The effect can occur in when packets arrive with different powers. Packets high power effectively swamp low packets, such they are received successfully, otherwise collision would have occurred. We present vehicular performance-prediction model for Rayleigh Drive-thru Internet scenario. incorporates the into 2-D Markov chain modeling high-node mobility and distributed...

Estimating the probability density function (pdf) from a limited sample of data is challenging analysis problem.Furthermore, determining which pdf best describes available involves an extra layer complexity to analysis, if ignored, can have considerable consequences.We propose combined maximum entropy (MaxEnt) moments and Bayesian model selection method address this problem.The MaxEnt component used formulate set possible models, each constrained by different parameterised Lagrangian...

Frame-based listen-before-talk (FB-LBT) has been adopted as one of the channel access mechanism for Wi-Fi/LTE coexistence.We aim to explore limits FB-LBT by developing theoretical models characterise performance under coexistence LTE and Wi-Fi.We first derive a steady-state model calculate spectrum share occupied assumption that Wi-Fi transmissions have stationary distributions.The does not hold when time between two is short, where system dominated dynamic phenomenon.A second developed...

We consider a particular model predictive control (MPC) problem involving nonlinear constrained submarine in order to explore the specific features of this genre. A considerable amount extant theoretical literature is deliberately very general its formulation and, by considering physically comprehensible example, we are able identify and develop generalisable results concerning solution behaviour such problems way which not available from abstract viewpoint. The MPC designed using...

Low detection limits are common in measure environmental variables. Building models using data containing low or high without adjusting for the censoring produces biased models. This paper offers approaches to estimate an inverse Gaussian distribution when some of used censored because limits. Adjustments can be made if there is between 2% and 20% either EM algorithm MCMC. compares these approaches.

Robust exponential stability of full state and observer feedback controlled systems is explored in the context predictive control. The total theorem used to ensure via bounds on model, modelling error control gain characteristics two scenarios differing complexities. Sufficient conditions are obtained an observed, nonlinear plant's trajectory stays within a fixed distance exponentially stable, controlled, model trajectory. These results have applications control, where model-based...