Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable amino polysaccharide, which soluble in aqueous solutions at pH < 6.5. It has been widely used for developing drug delivery systems because of its excellent mucoadhesive properties. Although many studies report on chitosan being mucoadhesive, the nature interactions between mucin remains poorly defined. Here, we have examined role primary groups electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects aggregation gastric presence chitosan....

Abstract Fourier transform (FT) Raman and infrared spectra of the outermost layer human skin, stratum corneum, were recorded. Assignments consistent with FT vibrations made for first time compared assignments from FTIR spectrum. The results demonstrate that spectroscopy holds several advantages over in studies skin. molecular conformational nature modifications induced by drug or chemical treatments, may be assessed spectroscopy.

Abstract We explore the role of crystallinity and inter‐ or intramolecular forces in chitosan for its solubility water demonstrate expansion to a wider pH range. Due semicrystalline nature, derived mainly from hydrogen bonds, is water‐soluble only at &lt; 6. In acidic conditions, amino groups can be partially protonated resulting repulsion between positively charged macrochains, thereby allowing diffusion molecules subsequent solvation macromolecules. show that chemical disruption by partial...

Deformable vesicles and traditional liposomes were compared as delivery systems for oestradiol to elucidate possible mechanisms of drug through human skin. Accordingly, epidermal permeation from optimized deformable liposome formulations was studied under low dose non-occluded conditions. Five investigated. A free mechanism low-dose skin with release determined after separation the drug. Penetration enhancement researched by studying pretreatment empty vesicles. Improved uptake monitored...

The potential use of ultradeformable and standard liposomes as skin drug delivery systems was investigated in-vitro. An improved experimental design gave a good measure for deposition drug. This avoided the contamination that can occur due to incomplete washing donor before direct determination amount in skin. used aqueous ethanolic receptor which is believed diffuse into skin, disrupting deposited (if any) thus releasing both bound free fluid refined by testing different concentrations...

Overcoming the natural defensive barrier functions of eye remains one greatest challenges ocular drug delivery. Cornea is a chemical and mechanical preventing passage any foreign bodies including drugs into eye, but factors limiting penetration permeants nanoparticulate delivery systems through cornea are still not fully understood. In this study, we investigate these properties using thiolated PEGylated (750 5000 Da) nanoparticles, sodium fluorescein, two linear polymers (dextran...

The effects of propylene glycol/water co-solvent systems and terpene penetration enhancers (1,8-cineole, menthone, (+)-limonene nerolidol) on the absorption rate model hydrophilic permeant, 5-fluorouracil, were investigated using excised human skin. Similar fluxes for 5-fluorouracil obtained from saturated enhancer-free systems. Co-application each with drug, both at saturation, in glycol increased drug flux significantly. Terpene activity depended content vehicles. Maximum formulations...