A New Disease Threat to Sorghum in the Americas and Australia orghum, bicolor (L.) Moench, is world's fifth most important cereal crop, cultivated on about 45 million hectares for food, feed, beverage, fodder.The significant technological change since 1960s has been development use of F 1 hybrid seed ( 14), which lead a dramatic improvement crop's productivity.Sorghum cultivation intensive, commercialized systems where yields average 3 5 t ha -1 relies almost totally seed.In contrast, vary...

Sunflower is the fourth most produced vegetable oil worldwide and ranked fifth of 13 cultivated crops major importance to global food security (FAO 2022; Hajjar Hodgkin 2007; Seiler et al. 2018). affected by many economically-important yield-limiting diseases, this article first an anticipated series Plant Health Progress - Diagnostic Guides on significant heads diseases sunflower. This follows a similar sunflower stem (Harveson 2018, Ryley 2021). Here we present information Botrytis head...

Sunflower is one of the most important oil crops globally, and impacted by numerous yield-limiting diseases. This publication second in an anticipated series Plant Health Progress Diagnostic Guides focused on head diseases, follows a similar stem diseases (Harveson et al. 2018; Ryley 2021). provides information signs symptoms for identifying distinguishing Rhizopus rot from other methods techniques working with causal organism, references to further resources.

Surveys of commercial soybean fields, disease nurseries, and trial plots were conducted throughout eastern Australia between 1979 1996, 694 isolates Phytophthora sojae collected classified into races. Fourteen races, 1, 2, 4, 10, 15, 25, eight new 46 to 53, identified, but only races 46, 53 found in fields. Races 1 15 the fields soybean-growing areas up until 1989, with race being dominant race. Race 4 was central New South Wales 1989 on cultivars Rps1a gene, it is now southern Wales. have...

In the early decades of British settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788, struggling colonials tried their hand growing edible bananas but invariably failed. However, they grew extremely well Moreton Bay colony (Brisbane) and over time banana became an important agricultural industry there, particularly after introduction Cavendish variety. All was progressing until a new disease appeared plantations around Brisbane 1870s. The medical practitioner naturalist Joseph Bancroft investigated problem...

Late Blight, also called Irish blight and brown rot, devastated potato crops in Ireland countries Europe the 1840s, led to famines, deaths, emigration of tens thousands poor farmworkers. The outbreaks were blamed on many factors, but finally it was demonstrated that causal agent an oomycete (water mould) Phytophthora infestans. Queensland Government Entomologist Vegetable Pathologist, Henry Tryon, claimed he made first discovery Blight Australia, leaves tubers collected May 1909 around...

Abstract Downy mildew is a serious threat to corn (maize) production in the tropics and subtropics. Corn native Central America, was introduced into South-East Asia by Spanish colonisers 1700s. evolutionarily naïve downy mildews of genus Peronosclerospora . Consequently, monocultures are particularly susceptible variety species, which spread crop from local grasses. Globally, one most important crops for both humans livestock. Several have been identified as potential threats global food...

The ubiquitous fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina is best known as causing charcoal rot and premature death when host plants are subject to post‐flowering stress. Overseas reports of M. a rapid during the sprouting Australian mungbean seed resulted in an investigation possible modes infection seed. Isolations from serial portions 10 naturally infected with revealed that on most there were discrete tissue separated by apparently healthy tissue. results these studies, together molecular...

Historical records report Fusarium moniliforme sensu lato as the pathogen responsible for diseases of sorghum; however, recent phylogenetic analysis has separated this complex into more than 25 species. During study, surveys were undertaken in three major sorghum‐producing regions eastern Australia to assess diversity and frequency species associated with stalk rot‐ head blight‐infected plants. A total 523 isolates collected from northern New South Wales, southern Queensland central...

Assay methods for the alkaloids of sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) are described and compared. Sorghum bodies (sclerotia/sphacelia) from various regions Queensland New South Wales were collected in 1997 2001 assayed by spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All contained dihydroergosine (DHES) as main alkaloid component (about 80%), with smaller amounts dihydroelymoclavine festuclavine. The preferred method assay infected mixed...

Sorghum ergot was first discovered in Australia 1996. It affects seed production and grain usage stock feed due to concerns of animal toxicity. Three species Claviceps are known cause sorghum with different epidemiological, toxicity, management implications. africana identified as the causal agent but morphological differences between isolates raised possibility more than one being involved. The major aim this study identify causing determine genetic diversity among pathogen from overseas....

Acacia (the wattles) is the largest genus of plants in Australia and its species occupy almost every habitat country. Hard galls on branches, phyllodes flower parts wattle trees were noticed from very early days British colonisation, but their causes unknown. Some insects believed to be involved, they not only cause galls. In 1889, Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo described rust fungus Uromyces tepperianus salicina, later, Victorian government vegetable pathologist, Daniel McAlpine...

Undiluted culture filtrates of two commercial products Trichoderma spp., Trichopel and Trichoflow, isolates Penicillium citrinum completely inhibited the conidial germination macroconidia Claviceps africana , cause ergot or sugary disease sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) in vitro . Similarly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burkholderia cepacia macroconidial germination, with former being more effective at high dilutions. In contrast, these bacterial failed to inhibit infection vivo glasshouse tests...

The fungi Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum are the causal agents of two similar diseases peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Both cause significant losses in Australian industry. Development cultivars with resistance to will be an important component integrated control. aims this project generate information that assist breeding for peanut: identify Sclerotinia-resistant germplasm, understand inheritance estimate heritability resistance, test effectiveness identified sources against both...

Sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) has had a significant impact on seed production and breeders’ nurseries in Australia since it was first found 1996. In this paper, 3 distinct key development stages of sorghum that are related to infection were identified: flag leaf stage, pollen starch accumulation flowering period. Relationships between weather variables during these severity as well viability analysed using observed data from 2 field trials, serial planting trial genotype trial,...