Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are a pivotal group whose relationships have become increasingly controversial. Squamates include >9000 species, making them the second largest of terrestrial vertebrates. They important medicinally as model systems for ecological evolutionary research. However, studies squamate biology hindered by uncertainty over their relationships, some consider phylogeny unresolved, given recent conflicts between molecular morphological results. To resolve these...

A well-supported and well-resolved phylogeny based on a concatenated data set from one mitochondrial two nuclear genes, six morphological characters, nine color pattern characters for 44 of the 50 species Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) is consistent with previous taxonomy solely morphology pattern. partitioned into four major clades that collectively contain groups. The monophyly all groups strongly supported they are parapatrically distributed across...

An integrative taxonomic analysis using color pattern, morphology, and 1449 base pairs of the ND2 mitochondrial gene its five flanking tRNAs demonstrated that eight species-level lineages occur within Cyrtodactylus intermedius complex (Cyrtodactylus sensu stricto, C. phuquocensis related populations) Cardamom mountains associated highlands have a sequence divergence ranging 3.4-8.9%. Additionally, each lineage is discretely diagnosable from one another based on morphology pattern most in...

A phylogenetic taxonomic analysis indicates that a newly discovered population of Cyrtodactylus from the vicinity Ywangan Town in Shan Hills, State, Myanmar is new species (C. ywanganensis sp. nov.) and earliest diverging member linnwayensis group within previously defined Indochinese clade. The DIVALIKE+J model BioGeoBEARS biogeographic clade evolved Hills Salween Basin eastern dispersed into Indochina on at least three separate occasions 18.6-13.4 mya. Once there, uplift Tenasserim...

An integrative phylogenetic analysis recovers two new species of the gekkonid genus Hemiphyllodactylus (Bleeker) from Shan Hills eastern Myanmar. ywanganensis sp. nov. and H. uga are nested within Myanmar clade a previous genus-wide form more exclusive monophyletic group with linnwayensis. These differ each other all in having unique combinations character states involving postmental subcaudal scale morphology; maximum SVL; digital formulae; numbers chin scales, circumnasals,...

Two new species of diminutive, sympatric, lowland, leaf-litter skinks the genus Tytthoscincus Linkem, Diesmos & Brown from Sekayu region Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu State in northeastern Peninsular Malaysia are described on basis genetic and morphological data. One species, T. monticolus sp. nov., was collected a hilly riparian area along Sungai (=river) Bubu is most closely related to an undescribed Tembak Reservoir area. The other, keciktuek nov. Peres, perhentianensis Grismer, Wood,...

The karstic foothills and hilly western edge of the Shan Plateau eastern Myanmar continue to be sources discovery for new species gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus. Two karst-associated within this unique landscape from Mandalay Region—C. aunglini sp. nov. Kyauk Nagar Cave C. myaleiktaung Mya Leik Taung Mountain—are described on basis color pattern, morphology, genetics. A molecular phylogeny gansi group (defined herein) based 1481 base pairs mitochondrial gene ND2 its flanking tRNAs place as...

An integrative taxonomic analysis of the Ptychozoon lionotum group across its range in Indochina and Sundaland recovers P. sensu lato Annandale, 1905 as paraphyletic with respect to popaense Grismer, Wood, Thura, Brown, & Stuart, 2018a composed four allopatric, genetically divergent, ND2 mitochondrial lineages. Multivariate univariate analyses continuous discrete morphological color pattern characters statistically discretely diagnose each lineage from one another together, maximum...

A new species of limestone karst-adapted gecko the Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex, C. dayangbuntingensis sp. nov., is described from Dayang Bunting Island Langkawi Archipelago off northwest coast Peninsular Malaysia. It third group to be archipelago after langkawiensis and macrotuberculatus. The can distinguished all other based on molecular evidence mitochondrial gene ND2 its flanking tRNAs as well having unique combinations morphological color pattern characteristics. This discovery...

An integrative taxonomic analysis of the Cyrtodactylus linnwayensis group Shan Plateau recovered two new populations from isolated karst habitats near Pinlaung Town, State as a species, C. pinlaungensis sp. nov. is most closely related to clade comprising and ywanganensis western edge approximately 90 km northwest. can be distinguished all members by number statistically different morphological characters, discrete color pattern differences, its heavy tuberculation. It also bears an...

A newly discovered species of homalopsid snake from the genus Gyiophis Murphy & Voris is described lowlands Mawlamyine District in Mon state, southeastern Myanmar. salweenensis sp. nov. presumed to be closely related G. maculosa Blanford and vorisi based on similarities pholidosis patterning but can separated by shape its first three dorsal scale rows that are square, ventral pattern lacks a central spot, faint stripe 1-4. It further distinguished lower number scales (129 vs. 142-152),...

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the sister species Sphenomorphus stellatus and S. praesignis based on mitochondrial genes 12S 16S rRNA recover former as paraphyletic with respect to latter in that a specimen from type locality Peninsular Malaysia is more closely related than Indochinese populations stellatus. Furthermore, phylogeny indicates represent two species, thus resulting four major lineages within this clade. These relationships are consistent multivariate univariate morphological...

A new species of Ansonia is described from the Shan Plateau Myanmar based on an integrative taxonomic analysis that differentiates it all other congeners. Molecular phylogenetic analyses mitochondrial genes 12S and 16S rRNA tRNA-val recover A. kyaiktiyoensis sp. nov. as sister to inthanon Thailand but differs congeners by at least a 5.0% sequence divergence. It further differentiated following combination morphological characters: (1) maximum SVL 24 mm in males females; (2) first finger...

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of Parachute Geckos (Genus Ptychozoon Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822) based on the mitochondrial gene ND2 indicates that a newly discovered population from Mt. Popa volcano—a habitat island in northern portion Bago Yoma mountains, Myanmar—is new species, P. popaense sp. nov. This species is part clade contains bannanense Wang, Liu, 2016 and lionotum Annandale, 1905 Indochina. morphologically most similar to its sister which manifests considerable geographic...

An integrative taxonomic analysis based on morphology, color pattern, and the mitochondrial gene ND2 recovered four new species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker that are endemic to Shan Plateau or Salween Basin in eastern Myanmar. ngwelwini sp. nov. from is part earlier described "eastern Myanmar clade" renamed herein as north lineage H. kyaiktiyoensis pinlaungensis zwegabinensis compose an entirely Burmese clade referred south lineage. Although lineages come within 46 km one another Plateau,...

A survey of a limestone forest at Gunung Baling, Kedah, West Malaysia lead to the discovery an undescribed species Bent-toed Gecko from Cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex. evanquahi sp. nov. can be distinguished all other in C. complex by suite morphological and color pattern characteristics: prominent tuberculation, higher number dark body bands, smaller maximum SVL. It is further differentiated as follows; no tubercles on ventral surface forelimbs, gular region, or ventrolateral folds; 31-34...

Two new species of Bent-toed Geckos the Cyrtodactylus peguensis group are described from foothill areas occurring on opposite sides Ayeyarwady Basin. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. Shwe Settaw Wildlife Sanctuary, Magway Region in east and C. pyadalinensis Panluang-Pyadalin Shan State west bear unique suits morphological color pattern character states separating them all group. Additionally, a molecular phylogeny based mitochondrial gene ND2 indicates that neither is nested within, nor sister to any...

Liopeltis is a genus of poorly known, infrequently sampled species colubrid snakes in tropical Asia. We collected specimen from Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia, that superficially resembled L. philippina, rare endemic to the Palawan Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex, western Philippines. analyzed morphological and mitochondrial DNA sequence data Tioman found distinct differences philippina all other congeners. On basis these corroborated lines evidence, described as new species,...

A new species of insular Bent-toed Gecko, Cyrtodactylus culaochamensis sp. nov. the C. irregularis group is described from Cu Lao Cham Mountain, Hon Island, Hoi An City, Quang Nam Province, Islands, central Vietnam. sister pseudoquadrivirgatus Ba Na Nui Chua Danang It differs all congeners by having a maximum SVL 79.8 mm (n=5); dark spots on head edged in white; fragmented nuchal loop; irregularly shaped, broad, completed or broken dorsal bands; 19-21 interorbital scales across frontal bone;...

A new, diminutive species of Rock Gecko Cnemaspis tubaensis sp. nov. the C. kumpoli group, is described from Tuba Island, Langkawi Archipelago, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia and differentiated all other in group by having a unique combination morphological color pattern characteristics, including maximum SVL 37.0 mm; 10 or 11 supralabials; eight nine infralabials; 15-18 semi-linearly arranged paravertebral tubercles; lateral caudal furrow present; tubercles on anterior portion tail; not...

Twelve new karst-adapted species of the gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus Gray are described from Shan Hills and Salween River Basin Myanmar. Three occur in rocky habitats along karst ridges nine microendemics restricted to isolated caves towers. This high, localized diversity underscores archipelago-like nature microendemism associated with habitat-islands. Eleven 12 not related other Indo-Burmese form four monophyletic groups nested within a larger Indo-Chinese clade Southeast Asian species....

Most new cryptic species are described using conventional tree- and distance-based delimitation methods (SDMs), which rely on phylogenetic arrangements measures of genetic divergence. However, although numerous factors such as population structure gene flow known to confound inference delimitation, the influence these processes is not frequently evaluated. Using large numbers exons, introns, ultraconserved elements obtained FrogCap sequence-capture protocol, we compared SDMs with more robust...

A new gekkonid lizard, Cyrtodactylus maelanoi sp. nov., from Mae Hong Son Province of the Thai Highlands is described using an integrative taxonomic analysis based on morphology, color pattern, and mitochondrial gene NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) its flanking tRNAs. Phylogenetic analyses place species within clade 1 C. sinyineensis group as sister to inthanon with uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence 3.9%. Collection data gathered in field indicate that nov. a habitat generalist....