Designing heterostructure materials at the nanoscale is a well-known method to enhance gas sensing performance. In this study, mixed solution of zinc chloride and tin (II) dihydrate, dissolved in ethanol solvent, was used as initial precursor for depositing layer on alumina substrates using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method. Several ZnO/SnO2 heterostructures were grown by applying different ratios precursors. These active H2S molecules. The results revealed that an increase USP alters...

Measurements of atmospheric gas concentrations using NDIR sensors requires compensation ambient pressure variations to achieve reliable result. The extensively used general correction method is based on collecting data for varying pressures a single reference concentration. This one-dimensional approach valid measurements carried out in close concentration but will introduce significant errors further away from the calibration point. For applications, requiring high accuracy, collecting, and...

In the infrared region of spectrum thermoelectric detectors such as thermopile are extensively used. These rely on well-known Seebeck effect, in which there is a direct conversion differentials into electrical voltage. The temperature difference over thermocouple junctions general, created by forming thin membrane connected to silicon bulk. many existing thermopiles, materials Si and <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N...

Simulation and optimization tools are commonly used in the design phase of advanced electronics devices. In this work, we present a thermal simulation tool for infrared thermopile detectors based on closed membrane structure. The can be to simulate optimize with an arbitrary number parameters. utilizes Nelder–Mead adaptive simulated annealing algorithms maximize system performance. A detector SU-8-based metal–metal thermocouples has been optimized. Based results generated by tool, optimized...

This article reports on plasma treatment of SU-8 epoxy in order to enhance adhesive strength for metals. Its samples were fabricated standard silicon wafers and treated with (O2 Ar) RF at a power 25 W low pressure (3 × 10−3 Torr) different time spans (10–70 s). The sample surfaces characterized terms contact angle, surface (roughness chemistry) using tape test. During the angle measurement, it was observed that reduced from 73° 5° (almost wet) 23° samples, respectively. root mean square...

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a highly toxic and corrosive gas commonly found in industrial emissions natural processing, posing serious risks to human health environmental safety even at low concentrations. Early detection of H₂S therefore critical for preventing accidents ensuring compliance with regulations. This study presents the development porous ZnO/SnO₂ heterostructure sensors tailored ultrasensitive sub-ppb levels. Utilizing screen-printing method, we fabricated five different sensor...

Continuous control of the carbon dioxide levels in ventilation systems office buildings and public schools has been shown to increase productivity save money. However, these measurement require further developments order be more cost effective. This paper presents an evaluation Al/Bi thermopile detector with a 4 mum thin SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /SU-8 membrane CO meter application using nondispersive infrared...

In this paper, a micrometre thin film of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is characterized for thermoelectric properties. The sample was prepared through mechanical exfoliation molybdenite crystal. Seebeck coefficient measurement performed by generating temperature gradient across the and recording induced electrical voltage, purpose simple setup developed. measurement, platinum utilized as reference material in electrodes. value MoS2 estimated to be approximately -600 µV/K at difference 40 °C....

In this paper we present the development and characterization of thermopile detector on a 4 mum thin self-supporting membrane made epoxy based photoresist SU-8. The is realized using silicon bulk micromachining techniques. many existing detectors, temperature difference over thermocouple junctions achieved by connecting either Si or <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> to...

In the infrared wavelength region, thermopiles are an important type of detector. A major advantage is their non-cooling requirement. Depending on applied absorption layer, responsivity often rather flat within a large region. This work presents fabrication and characterization sensitivity design optimized thermopile detector with 4 µm self-supported SiO2/SU-8 membrane. The structure consists 240 series interconnected thermocouple junctions obtained by metal evaporation lift-off. Two...

The 48Ca(α,nγ)51Ti and 48Ca(α,2nγ)50Ti reactions studied at 14 MeV incident energy have been used to excite high spin states in 51Ti 50Ti. By use of yield functions γγ-coincidence measurements three new 2 344, 754 3 644 keV identified 51Ti. Angular distribution polarisation make the values 11/2-, 15/2 13/2 or 17/2 probable for levels respectively. Two are discussed as core excited states.

This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a thermopile detector with an integrated midinfrared absorber structure. The fabricated structure has shown absorption more than 95% in wavelength range 3.2-5.47 μm. was standard cleanroom process techniques equipments. serial resistance measured at about 315 kQ room temperature. photosensitivity characterized for signal (4.26 μm) band ranging from 2.5-5.5 μm through two different measurement setups. In first setup, estimated 57.5...

The energies and intensities of γ-radiation from thermal neutron capture in natural krypton have been determined by means a Ge(Li) pair anti-Compton spectrometer. An internal reactor target has used. reaction Q-value the excited states resulting 83Kr(n,γ) 84Kr deduced. negative parity are discussed.

Measurements of carbon dioxide levels in the environment are commonly performed by using non-dispersive infrared technology (NDIR). Thermopile detectors often used NDIR systems because their non-cooling advantages. The absorber has a major influence on detector responsivity. In this paper, fabrication SU-8 epoxy membrane based Al/Bi thermopile and integration an interferometric structure wavelength around 4 μm into is reported. been utilized as dielectric medium absorption structure. By...

This paper reports on the integration of a multilayered mid-infrared absorber structure into SU-8 epoxy membrane-based thermopile detector. The was designed and simulated using transfer matrix theory. fabricated structures were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. shows an absorption more than 95% in wavelength range 3.30pm–5pm for simulations, 3.2pm–5.47pm FTIR measurements. complete fabrication process detector including has been presented. A MEMS based emitter...

This paper reports on design, simulation and fabrication of a multilayered interferometric absorption structure with broad in the mid-infrared band. region is used for IR based CH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> CO xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> detection. The consists five layers different thickness. one mirror layer aluminium, two SU-8 epoxy thin titanium layers. has been fabricated silicon substrate...

In this work, a mid-infrared-sensitive thermopile detector was evaluated for carbon dioxide gas. The has an integrated absorber structure that more than 95% absorption the wavelength range of 3.3-5.5 μm. For measurement dioxide, initially assembled on small printed circuit board holder and then installed in long path length non-dispersive infrared platform. setup calibrated by exposing to known concentrations (from 50 ppm 1,300 ppm) measuring corresponding voltage response detector. measured...

A multispectral nondispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor was developed for simultaneous detection of methane and water vapor in air. The NDIR is capable measuring optic transmission the CH4 absorption spectra at 3.375 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mu\mathrm{m}$</tex> H <inf xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O 2.7 . Data from a third channel, 3.95 , used as reference value "zero-level" calibration. actual...

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic and corrosive gas commonly found in industrial emissions natural processing, posing serious risks to human health environmental safety even at low concentrations. The early detection of H2S therefore critical for preventing accidents ensuring compliance with regulations. This study presents the development porous ZnO/SnO2-nanocomposite sensors tailored ultrasensitive sub-ppb levels. Utilizing screen-printing method, we fabricated five different sensor...