The alphaproteobacterial family Rhizobiaceae is highly diverse, with 168 species validly published names classified into 17 genera names. Most named in this are delineated based on genomic relatedness and phylogenetic relationships, but some historically show inconsistent distribution breadth. most problematic Rhizobium , which notorious for being paraphyletic, as newly described the assigned to genus without consideration of their proximity existing genera, or need create novel genera....

Many bacteria carry two or more chromosome-like replicons. This occurs in pathogens such as Vibrio cholerea and Brucella abortis well many N2-fixing plant symbionts including all isolates of the alfalfa root-nodule Sinorhizobium meliloti. Understanding evolution role this multipartite genome organization will provide significant insight into these important organisms; yet knowledge remains incomplete, part, because technical challenges large-scale manipulations have limited experimental...

Rhizobia form symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules on leguminous plants, which provides an important source of fixed nitrogen input into the soil ecosystem. The improvement fixation is one main challenges facing agriculture research. Doing so will reduce usage chemical fertilizer, contributing to development sustainable practices deal with increasing global human population. Sociomicrobiological studies rhizobia have become a model for study evolution mutualistic interactions. exploitation wide...

Abstract The mutualistic association between leguminous plants and endosymbiotic rhizobial bacteria is a paradigmatic example of symbiosis driven by metabolic exchanges. Here, we report the reconstruction modelling genome-scale network Medicago truncatula (plant) nodulated Sinorhizobium meliloti (bacterium). reconstructed nodule tissue contains five spatially distinct developmental zones encompasses metabolism both plant bacterium. Flux balance analysis (FBA) suggests that costs associated...

• Food security could be enhanced by increasing low temperature tolerance in crops. Cold acclimation alters the plasma membrane, metabolism, and cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectant proteins offer cross-resistance to pathogens other stresses. Symbiotic microbes can confer cold stress tolerance. Strategies are presented for resistant crops of future. Low-temperatures pose extreme challenges causing significant economical impacts. Frosts responsible more than 30% weather-related insured crop losses...

Abstract The genome of about 10% bacterial species is divided among two or more large chromosome-sized replicons. contribution each replicon to the microbial life cycle (for example, environmental adaptations and/or niche switching) remains unclear. Here we report a genome-scale metabolic model legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti that integrated with carbon utilization data for 1,500 genes 192 substrates. Growth S. modelled in three ecological niches (bulk soil, rhizosphere and nodule)...

The unique properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) make them attractive for use in a number fields, ranging from cosmetology to medicine. If AuNPs are be widely used industrial and medical applications, it is necessary develop environmentally friendly methods their synthesis. This can accomplished by replacing the traditional chemical compounds reduction Au(III) ions Au0 during synthesis with natural plant extracts or atmospheric pressure plasmas. Here, three aqueous (Mentha piperita,...

Abstract Zophobas morio (=Zophobas atratus) and Tenebrio molitor are darkling beetles with industrial importance due to their use as feeder insects apparent ability biodegrade plastics. High quality genome assemblies were recently reported for both species. Here, we report additional independent Z. T. generated from Nanopore Illumina data. Following scaffolding against the published genomes, haploid of 462 Mb (scaffold N90 16.8 Mb) 258 5.9 produced molitor, respectively. Gene prediction led...

Bacterial genome evolution is characterized by gains, losses, and rearrangements of functional genetic segments. The extent to which large-scale genomic alterations influence genotype-phenotype relationships has not been investigated in a high-throughput manner. In the symbiotic soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, composed chromosome two large extrachromosomal replicons (pSymA pSymB, together constitute 45% genome). Massively parallel transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-seq) was employed...

Maintenance of cellular phosphate homeostasis is essential for life. The PhoU protein has emerged as a key regulator this process in bacteria, and it suggested to modulate import by PstSCAB control activation the limitation response PhoR-PhoB two-component system. However, proper understanding remained elusive due numerous complications mutating phoU, including loss viability genetic instability mutants. Here, we developed two sets strains Sinorhizobium meliloti that overcame these...

Abstract Rhizobium–legume symbioses serve as paradigmatic examples for the study of mutualism evolution. The genus Ensifer (syn. Sinorhizobium) contains diverse plant-associated bacteria, a subset which can fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. To gain insights into evolution symbiotic fixation (SNF), and interkingdom mutualisms more generally, we performed extensive phenotypic, genomic, phylogenetic analyses Ensifer. data suggest that SNF likely emerged several times within through...

The alphaproteobacterial order Hyphomicrobiales consists of 38 families comprising at least 152 validly published genera as January 2024. was first described in 1957 and underwent important revisions 2020. However, we show that several inconsistencies the taxonomy this remain argue there is a need for consistent framework defining within order. We propose common genome-based , suggesting represent monophyletic groups core-genome phylogenies share pairwise average amino acid identity values...

ABSTRACT Peptidoglycan (PG) is an important bacterial macromolecule that confers cell shape and structural integrity, a key antibiotic target. Its synthesis turnover are carefully coordinated with other cellular processes pathways. Despite established connections between the biosynthesis of PG outer membrane, or DNA replication, links folate metabolism remain comparatively unexplored. Folate essential cofactor for growth required many metabolites. Here we show inhibition in Gram-negative...

This expansion for the modular vector assembly platform BEVA (Bacterial Expression Vector Archive) introduces 11 new parts including two cloning site variants, antibiotic resistance modules, three origins of replication, and four accessary modules. As a result, system is now doubled in size expanded its capacity to produce diverse replicating plasmids. Furthermore, it amenable genetic engineering methods involving genome-manipulation target strains through deletions or integrations. In...

ABSTRACT Toxin and antitoxin (TA) gene pairs are addiction systems that present in many microbial genomes. Sinorhizobium meliloti is an N 2 -fixing bacterial symbiont of alfalfa other leguminous plants, its genome consists three large replicons, a circular chromosome (3.7 Mb) the megaplasmids pSymA (1.4 pSymB (1.7 Mb). S. carries 211 predicted type II TA genes, each encoding toxin or antitoxin. We constructed defined deletion strains collectively removed entire except for their oriV regions....

Multipartite genomes, containing at least two large replicons, are found in diverse bacteria; however, the advantage of this genome structure remains incompletely understood. Here, we perform comparative genomics hundreds finished β-proteobacterial genomes to gain insights into role and emergence multipartite genomes. Almost all essential secondary replicons (chromids) β-proteobacteria family Burkholderiaceae. These arose from just plasmid acquisition events, they were likely stabilized...

Rhizosphere and plant-associated microorganisms have been intensely studied for their beneficial effects on plant growth health. These mainly include nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This fraction is involved in major functions such as nutrition resistance to biotic abiotic stresses, which water deficiency heavy-metal contamination. Consequently, crop yield emerges the net result of interactions between genome its associated microbiome. Here, we...

A sustainable way for meeting the need of an increased global food demand should be based on a holobiont perspective, viewing crop plants as intimately associated with their microbiome, which helps improve plant nutrition, tolerance to pests, and adverse climate conditions. However, genetic repertoire needed efficient association by microbial symbionts is still poorly understood.

Bacterial flagellin protein is a potent microbe-associated molecular pattern. Immune responses are triggered by 22-amino-acid epitope derived from flagellin, known as flg22, upon detection the pattern recognition receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) in multiple plant species. However, increasing evidence suggests that flg22 epitopes of several bacterial species not universally immunogenic to plants. We investigated whether immunogenicity systematically differs between classes phylum...

Bacterial genomes with two (or more) chromosome-like replicons are known, and these appear to be particularly frequent in alphaproteobacteria. The genome of the N(2)-fixing alfalfa symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 contains a 3.7-Mb chromosome 1.4-Mb (pSymA) 1.7-Mb (pSymB) megaplasmids. In this study, tRNA(arg) engA genes, located on pSymB megaplasmid, shown essential for growth. These genes could deleted from when copies were previously integrated into chromosome. However, closely...