The Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70E, and relevant Occupational Health Act electrical safety standards evolved to address hazards of 60-Hz power that are faced primarily by electricians, linemen, others performing facility utility work. This leaves a substantial gap management research development (R&D) specialized high-voltage high-power equipment. Examples include lasers, accelerators, capacitor banks, electroplating systems,...

Although the physics of low-current, DC arcs has been studied for over 80 years, a focus on high-current, began about 1970, primarily understanding low-voltage, stable welding, arc lamp, and furnace applications. These are dominated by energy conversion to radiated energy. A more recent interest in longer, higher-current, higher-voltage only 20 years ago with concern flash hazards. For these dominant results an expanding plasma, flash. AC hazards were recognized 1982 introduced into OSHA...

The Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E, and relevant OSHA electrical safety standards evolved US, over past 40 years, to address hazards of 60-Hz power that are faced primarily by electricians, linemen, others performing facility utility work. This leaves a substantial gap management other types including battery banks, DC systems, capacitor solar systems. Although many these systems fed 50/60-Hz alternating current (ac) energy, we find use direct (dc) capacitors,...

The chemical interactions and physical processes occurring in a high energy spark gap with different combinations of gases, electrodes, insulators were studied. electrodes studied graphite tungsten-copper composite; the Lexan Blue Nylon; gases N2 SF6. gas composition was monitored mass spectrometer. Spectroscopic techniques used to observe arc channel. electrode surfaces several surface analysis techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, spectroscopy for analysis, Auger...

The Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E, and relevant OSHA electrical safety standards evolved to address hazards of 60-Hz power that are faced primarily by electricians, linemen, others performing facility utility work. This leaves a substantial gap management Research Development (R&D) specialized high voltage equipment. Examples include lasers, accelerators, capacitor banks, electroplating systems, induction dielectric heating etc. Although all such systems fed 50/60...

AC arc flash hazards were recognized in 1982 and introduced into OSHA NFPA 70E soon thereafter. DC being considered by 2007 the 2012 70E. Two methods to estimate dc incident energy, with little data available. In general, these overestimate hazard when compared recent laboratory data. This article will provide a high-level overview of (a) current understanding high-current, physics, (b) models presently used performing energy analyses, (c) studies measure parameters for several voltages....

The standard for electrical safety in the workplace, National Fire Protection Association 70E, and relevant Occupational Safety Health Act standards evolved U.S. over past 40 years to address hazards of 60-Hz power that are faced primarily by electricians, linemen, others performing facility utility work. This leaves a substantial gap management other types including battery banks, dc systems, capacitor solar systems. Although many these systems fed 50/60-Hz energy, we find use capacitors,...

The unique electrical hazards that are found in a high-energy research laboratory, such as those studying fusion energy, high-power lasers, or particle accelerators, described. Hazards due to high voltages, currents, large amounts of stored energy-such chemical, mechanical, inductive, capacitive-are discussed. associated with grounding, static electric charges and electromagnetic fields also briefly considered. Secondary hazards, i.e., other than shock result from present conjunction the use...

To address the hazards, risks, and controls of electrical work in all fields, recent efforts classifying shock hazards arc flash are presented an approach to perform risk assessments develop for forms electricity environments. This presentation considers NFPA 70E, Department Energy, Defense beyond power frequencies (50/60 Hz) systems equipment including battery banks, solar wind systems, DC transmission lines, lasers, accelerators, capacitor electroplating induction dielectric heating etc....

Over the past 130 years, electrical safety design and safe work practice standards have evolved around world. In some instances, they are similar, in other cases interesting variations been observed. Numerous papers previously presented at this workshop discussed programs challenges several countries, IEEE associated workshops occurred including U.S., Canada, India, Brazil, Costa Rica. The IAS Electrical Safety Committee has set goals to broaden involvement embrace worldwide. addition,...

Dielectric materials commonly used as insulators in spark gaps (lexan, nylon, lucite,macor, boron nitride, delrin, and G-10) have been exposed to the byproducts of arcs three different gap experiments. The first was a 60-kV, 0.05-C/shot using copper-tungsten or graphite electrodes at various pressures N2 SF6 gas. second 5–30-kV, 4–25-kA, 0.1–0.6-C/shot, unipolar, pulsed graphite, copper-graphite, copper-tungsten, brass, stainless steel gas air. third 45-kV, 0.009-C/shot surface discharge...

Electrical safety in the pulsed power research laboratory is one of most important issues today's emphasis on environment, safety, health. Despite excellent electrical practices accidents still occur. It necessary to set standards voltage, current, and energy levels for purposes hazard definition injury treatment. Recently, existing values (such as 50 V, or 10 J) have come under question since their origin somewhat vague. To better define differentiate between dc, ac, impulse shock it review...

The interest in the use of high voltage electrical power systems has grown significantly. Applications include space exploration and utilization, defense, communication technologies. Voltages up to 100's kilovolts have been proposed, using vacuum as insulation. Numerous research efforts, both experimental modeling furthered our knowledge how engineer utilize vacuum. This paper briefly reviews efforts further understanding physics breakdown vacuum, will expound upon body that come out these...

The effects of shock from alternating current (ac) power frequencies (50 and 60 Hz) direct. (dc) has been studied for a century thresholds safety are now clearly defined in worker standards (i.e., NFPA 70E). However, other waveforms not stated U.S. electrical standards. This includes sub-radio frequency (RF) (1 Hz to 3 kHz) than 50/60 Hz, RF (3 kHz 100 MHz) mixed waveforms, such as modulated dc. Of particular interest 400 dc with significant ac ripple, RF. These found many commercial,...

This paper will exam how the mass, operating temperature, and efficiency of a transmission line on moon is affected by its parameters, lunar environment, choice materials. The key parameters which have an effect are voltage, power loss, waveform. waveform for be influenced source load, therefore analysis both dc ac necessary complete understanding transmission. data presented case only, however, discussion environmental effects material selection pertinent to Ac currently being studied...

The design of a system to study the outgassing characteristics materials under simulated space environment is described. A vacuum chamber simulates pressure experienced by spacecraft in earth orbit and on lunar surface. samples are mounted cold/hot surface whose temperature can be varied between −200 +200 °C. Windows allow application ultraviolet radiation. material temperatures monitored, products analyzed with quadrupole mass spectrometer. specially designed sampling allows spectrometer...

The complex nature of the human body is discussed for purpose constructing circuit models to be used in analysis electrical shock. Some from literature are presented.

The possibility of using the space vacuum for electrical insulation is under investigation. To predict gas flow and pressure throughout a given geometry interconnected regions (i.e. spacecraft payload), computer model which includes source terms such as outgassing, leaks, effluents was developed. For dominated by outgassing breakdown process most likely to be low-pressure governed Paschen's law. Thus distribution coupled potential locations. Preliminary experimental results are presented....

The problems encountered in the transmission of high-power (kilowatts to megawatts) extraterrestrial environments are reviewed. A summary work at Auburn University study these is presented. These studies include high-voltage breakdown space environment as influenced by gas contamination and thermal stress, modeling lunar lines, particle contamination, material degradation hypervelocity impact microparticles.

A problem for high voltage insulation in the space environment is contamination caused by gas molecules generated spacecraft. Such results from material outgassing and spacecraft effluents. Gaseous contamination, resulting both neutral ionized species, degrades vacuum leading to lowered electrical break down thresholds. The compounded interaction with other aspects of environment, including radiation, plasma, earth's magnetic field. This presentation reviews a study over past three years on...

The authors describe investigations into the nature of outgassed products from spacecraft materials and electrical breakdown characteristics resulting contaminated vacuum regions. studied for their outgassing were G-10 polyethylene, TFE Teflon, Plexiglass, Mylar. major H/sub 2/O, 2/, O/sub CO/sub N/sub 2/. raise local pressure in vicinity materials, a gradient with higher pressures near material surface lower away spacecraft. high contaminating gas voltage reduce ability region to support...

The effects of temperature and surface preparation on outgassing rates for different solid dielectric materials are presented. Among the parameters which influence electrical breakdown strength vacuum region gas pressure, species, length exposure dielectrics to vacuum. Breakdown measurements have indicated that outgassed products behave similarly at equivalent pressures. This is due fact species (primarily atmospheric gases) similar materials. However, significant differences in voltages...