RNA silencing is conserved in a broad range of eukaryotes and includes the phenomena interference animals posttranscriptional gene (PTGS) plants. In plants, PTGS acts as an antiviral system; successful virus infection requires suppression or evasion induced response. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) accumulate plants infected with positive-strand viruses provide specificity to this RNA-mediated defense. We present here results survey virus-specific siRNAs characterized by sequence analysis...

Significance Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in chromatin regulation higher eukaryotes. Studies analysing how lncRNAs influence Polycomb silencing suggested they specifically bind and recruit Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) to defined targets. However, the promiscuous binding of PRC2 RNA has raised questions as mechanism by which lncRNA contributes silencing. We investigate function a set cold-induced antisense transcripts Polycomb-dependent epigenetic floral repressor gene...

Roles for long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gene expression are emerging, but regulation of the lncRNA itself is poorly understood. We have identified a homeodomain protein, AtNDX, that regulates COOLAIR, set antisense transcripts originating from 3' end Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). AtNDX associates with single-stranded DNA rather than double-stranded non-sequence-specifically vitro, and localizes to heterochromatic region COOLAIR promoter vivo. Single-stranded was detected vivo as...

RNA silencing plays an important role in plants defence against viruses. To overcome this defence, plant viruses encode suppressors of silencing. The most common mode suppression is sequestration double-stranded RNAs involved the antiviral pathways. Viral can also responses through protein–protein interaction. poleroviral P0 suppressor protein targets ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins for degradation. AGO are core component RNA-induced complex (RISC). We found that does not interfere with slicer...

One of the functions RNA silencing in plants is to defend against molecular parasites, such as viruses, retrotransposons, and transgenes. Plant viruses are inducers, well targets, silencing-based antiviral defense. Replication intermediates or folded viral RNAs activate silencing, generating small interfering (siRNAs), which key players response. Viruses able counteract by expressing silencing-suppressor proteins. It has been shown that many identified proteins bind long double-stranded...

In plants, microRNAs play an important role in many regulatory circuits, including responses to environmental cues such as nutrient limitations. One microRNA is miR395, which strongly up‐regulated by sulfate deficiency and targets two components of the uptake assimilation pathway. Here we show that miR395 levels are affected treatments with metabolites regulating assimilation. The precursor cysteine, O ‐acetylserine, accumulates during deficiency, causes increase accumulation. Feeding plants...

Y RNAs are approximately 100 nucleotide long conserved cytoplasmic non‐coding RNAs, which produce smaller RNA fragments during apoptosis. Here we show that these molecules also produced in non‐stressed cells and a range of human cancerous non‐cancerous cell types. Recent reports have speculated the cleavage products enter microRNA pathway. We tested this hypothesis found Y5 Y3 Dicer independent, they different complexes than microRNAs not co‐immunoprecipitated with Ago2. Therefore conclude do

RNA silencing is one of the main defense mechanisms employed by plants to fight viruses. In change, viruses have evolved suppressor proteins neutralize antiviral silencing. Since endogenous and functions pathway rely on common components, it was suggested that viral suppressors interfere with contributing symptom development. this work, we aimed understand effects tombusviral p19 during genuine virus infection. We showed ectopically expressed sequesters small RNAs (sRNAs) in absence, but not...

Abstract Elongation factor TFIIS (transcription IIS) is structurally and biochemically probably the best characterized elongation cofactor of RNA polymerase II. However, little known about regulation or its roles during stress responses. Here, we show that, although seems unnecessary under optimal conditions in Arabidopsis, absence renders plants supersensitive to heat; tfIIs mutants die even when exposed sublethal high temperature. activity required for thermal adaptation throughout whole...

Plant viruses are inducers and targets of RNA silencing. Viruses counteract with silencing by expressing silencing-suppressor proteins. Many the identified proteins bind siRNAs, which prevents assembly effector complexes, also interfere their 3′ methylation, protects them against degradation. Here, we investigated modification silencing-related small RNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected suppressors, p19 protein Carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) HC-Pro Tobacco etch (TEV). We...

Translation-dependent mRNA quality control systems protect the protein homeostasis of eukaryotic cells by eliminating aberrant transcripts and stimulating decay their products. Although these are intensively studied in animals, little is known about translation-dependent plants. Here, we characterize mechanism nonstop (NSD) system Nicotiana benthamiana model plant. We show that plant NSD efficiently degrades mRNAs, which can be generated premature polyadenylation, stop codon-less...

Plant development is continually fine-tuned based on environmental factors. How perturbations are integrated into the developmental programs and how poststress adaptation regulated remains an important topic to dissect. Vegetative reproductive phase change a very transition that complexly endogenous exogenous cues. Proper timing of flowering vital for success. It has been shown previously AGAMOUS LIKE 16 (AGL16), MADS-box transcription factor negatively regulates time through FLOWERING LOCUS...

SUMMARY DNA methylation, a dynamic epigenetic mark influencing gene expression, is regulated by demethylases that remove methylated cytosines at genomic regions marked the INCREASED METHYLATION (IDM) complex. In Arabidopsis , IDM3, small α‐crystalline domain‐containing protein, stabilises IDM To investigate its role in tomato, we generated slidm3 mutants using genome editing. These displayed ‘hairy’ phenotype with increased glandular trichomes, resembling hairplus ( hap ) mutant. Affinity...

The Drosophila argonaute2 (ago2) gene plays a major role in siRNA mediated RNA silencing pathways. Unlike mammalian Argonaute proteins, the protein has an unusual amino-terminal domain made up largely of multiple copies glutamine-rich repeats (GRRs). We report here that ago2 locus produces alternative transcript encodes putative short isoform without this domain. Several mutations previously reported to be null alleles only abolish expression long, GRR-containing isoform. Analysis drop out...

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an economically important crop cultivated in temperate climates all over the world. Adverse environmental factors negatively affect its survival and productivity. RNA silencing a conserved pathway involved regulation of growth, development stress responses. The key components are Dicer-like proteins (DCLs), Argonautes (AGOs) RNA-dependent polymerases (RDRs). Despite economic importance, there no available comprehensive report on barley machinery regulation. In...

Viruses have different strategies for infecting their hosts. Fast and acute infections result in the development of severe symptoms may cause death plant. By contrast, a persistent interaction, virus can survive within its host long time, inducing only mild symptoms. In this study, we investigated gene expression changes induced CymRSV-, crTMV-, TCV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana PVX- TMV-U1-infected Solanum lycopersicum plants after systemic spread by two high-throughput methods: microarray...

Plants use a variety of small peptides for cell to communication during growth and development. Leguminous plants are characterized by their ability develop nitrogen-fixing nodules via an interaction with symbiotic bacteria. During nodule organogenesis, several so-called nodulin genes induced, including large families that encode peptides. Using three-hybrid approach in yeast cells, we identified two new nodulins, MtSNARP1 MtSNARP2 (for acidic RNA-binding protein), which interact the RNA...

Abstract Arabidopsis NODULIN HOMEOBOX (NDX) is a nuclear protein described as regulator of specific euchromatic genes within transcriptionally active chromosome arms. Here we show that NDX primarily heterochromatin functions in pericentromeric regions to control siRNA production and non-CG methylation. Most binding sites coincide with het-siRNA loci mediate transposon silencing, are antagonistic R-loop structures prevalent chromosomal Inactivation leads differential accumulation DNA...

Grain Width and Weight 2 (GW2) is an E3-ubiquitin ligase-encoding gene that negatively regulates the size weight of grain in cereal species. Therefore, disabling GW2 activity was suggested for enhancing crop productivity. We show here CRISPR/Cas-mediated mutagenesis barley GW2.1 homologue results development elongated grains increased protein content. At same time, loss function induces a significant yield deficit caused by reduced spike numbers low setting. also converse effect absence on...

Abstract Arabidopsis NODULIN HOMEOBOX (NDX) is a plant-specific transcriptional regulator whose role in small RNA biogenesis and heterochromatin homeostasis has recently been described. Here we extend our previous transcriptomic analysis to the flowering stage of development. We performed mRNA-seq RNA-seq measurements on inflorescence samples wild-type ndx1-4 mutant (WiscDsLox344A04) plants. identified specific groups differentially expressed genes noncoding heterochromatic siRNA (hetsiRNA)...