Abstract Accountability is a cornerstone of the governance artificial intelligence (AI). However, it often defined too imprecisely because its multifaceted nature and sociotechnical structure AI systems imply variety values, practices, measures to which accountability in can refer. We address this lack clarity by defining terms answerability, identifying three conditions possibility (authority recognition, interrogation, limitation power), an architecture seven features (context, range,...

Abstract The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) defines four risk categories: unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal. However, as these categories statically depend on broad fields of application AI, the magnitude may be wrongly estimated, AIA not enforced effectively. This problem is particularly challenging when it comes to regulating general-purpose AI (GPAI), which has versatile often unpredictable applications. Recent amendments compromise text, though introducing context-specific...

Abstract The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) defines four risk categories for AI systems: unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal. However, it lacks a clear methodology the assessment of these risks in concrete situations. Risks are broadly categorized based on application areas systems ambiguous factors. This paper suggests assessing magnitudes, focusing construction real-world scenarios. To this scope, we propose to integrate AIA with framework developed by Intergovernmental Panel...

The advent of Generative AI, particularly through Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and its successors, marks a paradigm shift in the AI landscape. Advanced LLMs exhibit multimodality, handling diverse data formats, thereby broadening their application scope. However, complexity emergent autonomy these models introduce challenges predictability legal compliance. This paper analyses regulatory implications European Union context, focusing on liability, privacy, intellectual property,...

The advent of Generative AI, particularly through Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and its successors, marks a paradigm shift in the AI landscape. Advanced LLMs exhibit multimodality, handling diverse data formats, thereby broadening their application scope. However, complexity emergent autonomy these models introduce challenges predictability legal compliance. This paper delves into regulatory implications European Union context, analyzing aspects liability, privacy, intellectual...

Regulation is nothing without enforcement. This particularly holds for the dynamic field of emerging technologies. Hence, this article has two ambitions. First, it explains how EU´s new Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) will be implemented and enforced by various institutional bodies, thus clarifying governance framework AIA. Second, proposes a normative model governance, providing recommendations to ensure uniform coordinated execution AIA fulfilment legislation. Taken together, explores...

Accountability is a cornerstone of the governance artificial intelligence (AI). However, it often defined too imprecisely because its multifaceted nature and sociotechnical structure AI systems imply variety values, practices, measures to which accountability in can refer. We address this lack clarity by defining terms answerability, identifying three conditions possibility (authority recognition, interrogation, limitation power), an architecture seven features (context, range, agent, forum,...

The international network of submarine cables plays a crucial role in facilitating global telecommunications connectivity, carrying over 99% all internet traffic. However, raise challenges to digital sovereignty due their ownership structure, cross-jurisdictional nature, and vulnerabilities malicious actors. In this article, we assess these challenges, current policy initiatives designed mitigate them, the limitations initiatives. nature curtails state's ability regulate infrastructure on...

Abstract Digital sovereignty is a popular yet still emerging concept. It claimed by and related to various global actors, whose narratives are often competing mutually inconsistent. This article offers mapping of the types national digital that emerging, while testing their effectiveness in response radical changes challenges. To do this, we systematically analyse corpus 271 peer-reviewed articles identify descriptive features ( how pursued) value why pursued), which use produce four models:...

Abstract International regulation of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) is increasingly conceived as an exercise in risk management. This requires a shared approach for assessing the risks AWS. paper presents structured to assessment and AWS, adapting qualitative framework inspired by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It examines interactions among key factors—determinants, drivers, types—to evaluate magnitude AWS establish tolerance thresholds through matrix informed background...

The EU proposal for the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) defines four risk categories: unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal. However, as these categories statically depend on broad fields of application AI, magnitude may be wrongly estimated, AIA not enforced effectively. This problem is particularly challenging when it comes to regulating general-purpose AI (GPAI), which has versatile often unpredictable applications. Recent amendments compromise text, though introducing...

The proposed European AI Liability Directive (AILD) is an important step towards closing the "liability gap", i.e., difficulty in assigning responsibility for harms caused by systems. However, if victims are to bring liability claims, they must first have ways of knowing that been subject algorithmic discrimination or other This "information gap" be addressed AILD meet its regulatory objectives. In this article, we argue current version reduces legal uncertainty at expense increased...

The advent of Generative AI, particularly through Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and its successors, marks a paradigm shift in the AI landscape. Advanced LLMs exhibit multimodality, handling diverse data formats, thereby broadening their application scope. However, complexity emergent autonomy these models introduce challenges predictability legal compliance. This paper delves into regulatory implications European Union context, analyzing aspects liability, privacy, intellectual...

The article argues that AI can enhance the measurement and implementation of democratic processes within political parties, known as Intra-Party Democracy (IPD). It identifies limitations traditional methods for measuring IPD, which often rely on formal parameters, self-reported data, tools like surveys. Such lead to collection partial rare updates, significant demands resources. To address these issues, suggests specific data management Machine Learning (ML) techniques, such natural...

Digital sovereignty is a popular yet still emerging concept. It claimed by and related to various global actors, whose narratives are often competing mutually inconsistent. Various scholars have proposed different descriptive approaches make sense of the matter. We argue that existing works help advance our analytical understanding critical assessment forms digital needed. Thus, article offers an updated mapping sovereignty, while testing their effectiveness in response radical changes...

Abstract Regulation by design (RBD) is a growing research field that explores, develops, and criticises the regulative function of design. In this article, we provide qualitative thematic synthesis existing literature. The aim to explore analyse RBD’s core features, practices, limitations, related governance implications. To fulfil aim, examine extant literature on RBD in context digital technologies. We start identifying structuring features RBD, namely goals, regulators, regulatees,...