This paper evaluates the application of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory as it is represented in empirical work on families and their relationships. We describe “mature” form mid‐1990s beyond, with its focus proximal processes at center Process‐Person‐Context‐Time model. then examine 25 papers published since 2001, all explicitly described being based theory, show that but 4 rely outmoded versions resulting conceptual confusion inadequate testing theory.

We describe the evolution, over three phases, of Bronfenbrenner's theory from an ecological to a bioecological theory. Phase 1 (1973–1979) culminated in publication The Ecology Human Development (1979). 2 (1980–1993) saw almost immediate modifications theory, with more attention paid role individual and greater concern developmental processes. In 3 (1993–2006), proximal processes were defined placed at heart 1998, Process‐Person‐Context‐Time ( PPCT ) model was described as theory's...

A sample of 162 children aged from 5 to 9 was pretested discover each child's rule for predicting the movement a mathematical balance beam. Children then worked alone, with partner who used same rule, more competent, or less competent. If partners' predictions differed, dyad members were asked discuss and reach agreement, but not given feedback. All subsequently 2 individual posttests. The results revealed that regression in thinking as likely consequence improvement, both proving stable....

In this article we examine the theories of Vygotsky, Piaget, and Bandura as they deal with relation between social world cognitive development. The prevailing belief is that these are quite different from each other. We consider a number factors contribute to belief. One easy categorization afforded by current ‘world views’ in psychology – root conceptualizations nature development believed be incompatible. A second factor although far more complex than much empirical work based on them,...

A theoretical review published in 2009 revealed that scholars who stated their research was based on Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development rarely used it appropriately. To what extent has the situation changed since then? We same methods to identify relevant articles as had been article and found 20 publications whose authors explicitly claimed Bronfenbrenner provided foundation for study. Although 18 those included citations mature (mid‐1990s) version theory, only...

Although Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory is heavily cited, one of its major concepts—proximal processes—has received relatively little attention. We explore the definition and properties proximal process as “engines development,” analyze how processes are distinguished from discussions “process,” consider whether always positive. Bronfenbrenner viewed having positive effects on development (by increasing competency or buffering dysfunction); to expand this concept, we propose notion...

A sample of 162 children aged from 5 to 9 was pretested discover each child's "rule" for predicting the movement a mathematical balance beam.Children then worked alone, with partner who used same rule, more competent, or less competent.If partners' predictions differed, dyad members were asked discuss and reach agreement, but not given feedback.All subsequently 2 individual posttests.The results revealed that regression in thinking as likely consequence improvement, both proving...

There has been a burgeoning interest in gratitude adults, adolescents, and children, with most scholars examining the relations between variations level of gratitude, treated largely as an emotional state, measures well-being. In this paper we explain why think that should be defined virtue, discussed by neo-Aristotelian virtue ethicists, rather than simply state. Defining clear developmental implications (no child or adolescent could considered virtuous Aristotelian sense), allowing us to...

Gratitude is a socially desirable virtue that related to well-being at both personal and societal levels. The present study took developmental perspective examine changes with age in types of wishes gratitude two societies. samples consisted 357 children, aged 7 14 years, from medium-sized city the southeast United States, 334 children metropolitan area southern China. Results showed expression connective gratitude, which considered most sophisticated form theorized promote social...

O período de gestação da companheira exige uma série adaptações por parte do pai, que precisa se preparar para os novos papéis deverá assumir frente ao bebê e à sua nova família. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve objetivo investigar como dá envolvimento paterno durante 3º trimestre gestação. Participaram deste estudo 35 pais esperavam seu primeiro filho, com idades entre 21 40 anos. Os foram entrevistados individualmente as suas respostas examinadas através análise conteúdo. resultados...

Abstract Piagetian scholars have argued that cognitive development is fostered by peer social interaction, brought about ‘socio‐cognitive conflict’ between conserver‐non‐conserver pairs. The nonconservers often attain conservation after having discussed their different opinions with conserving peers, whereas the conservers do not regress to non conservation. These results are generally taken indicate beneficial impact of such interaction. In this research, carried out one sample in United...

We present results from a study about the expression of gratitude in children and adolescents. Four hundred thirty children, aged 7 to 14 years old (58% female), answered questions: "What is your greatest wish?" would you do for person who granted this The responses second question were content-analyzed coded into four types gratitude: verbal, concrete, connective finalistic. Subsequently we conducted quantitative analysis regarding age by each type response. show decline frequency concrete...

This study aimed to examine children’s expression of gratitude in Brazil, China, Guatemala, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States. Participants ( N = 2,265) consisted 7- 14-year-olds M 10.56, SD 2.09; 54.4% girls). Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we found four clusters expression: (a) Russia Turkey (moderate–high connective, low concrete, moderate verbal gratitude), (b) Brazil States (low higher rates moderate–high (c) China Korea (higher lower lower–moderate (d) Guatemala...

The expression of gratitude by children and young adolescents in different societies is the topic this special issue. We introduce concept as a virtue, explaining its differences from viewed positive emotion. Although most research on uses samples Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD) (primarily United States), we discuss importance studying development across cultural groups. Despite evidence to suggest that desirable multiple historical periods, there no reason assume...

Urie Bronfenbrenner spent much of his academic life designing and then refining what came to be known as the bioecological theory human development. During this process, he a working operationalization – termed process-person-context-time (PPCT) model. However, for all effort that put into theory, provided very little information on how apply or even PPCT model, in research. In paper we therefore suggest way which can operationalized more effectively, laying out steps think should followed....

Abstract Bronfenbrenner's ecological (and later bioecological) theory has been a mainstay in the theoretical wheelhouse of developmental and family sciences since its inception 1970s. However, few studies accurately operationalize process‐person‐context‐time (PPCT) research model. The aim this paper is to provide practical guide design, implementation, analysis PPCT studies. Using recent qualitative quantitative publications from science journals, we illustrate how his can be operationalized...

Parents' values for their children and beliefs about appropriate child-rearing practices contribute to the ways in which they try shape children's development. This paper examines of 71 parents (37 mothers 34 fathers) from two cities United States Russia. Half families were middle class (determined by education occupation criteria) half working class. The results revealed no cross-societal differences value self-direction children; perhaps reflecting recent economic ideological changes In...