Age of information (AoI) was introduced in the early 2010s as a notion to characterize freshness knowledge system has about process observed remotely.AoI shown be fundamentally novel metric timeliness, significantly different, existing ones such delay and latency.The importance tool is paramount, especially contexts other than transport information, since communication takes place also control, or compute, infer, not just reproduce messages source.This volume comes present discuss first body...

In this article, we provide an accessible introduction to the emerging idea of Age Information (AoI) that quantifies freshness information and explore its possible role in efficient design freshness-aware Internet Things (IoT). We start by summarizing concept AoI variants with emphasis on differences between other well-known performance metrics literature, such as throughput delay. Building this, IoT for a network which devices sense potentially different physical processes are supposed...

We consider a real-time status update system consisting of source-destination network. A stochastic process is observed at the source, and samples, so called updates, are extracted random time instances, delivered to destination. In this paper, we expand concept information ageing by introducing Cost Update Delay (CoUD) metric characterize cost having stale introduce Value Information (VoIU) that captures reduction CoUD upon reception an update. The importance VoIU lies on its tractability...

Departing from the conventional cache hit optimization in cache-enabled wireless networks, we consider an alternative approach for probabilistic caching placement stochastic D2D networks taking into account reliability of transmissions. Using tools geometry, provide a closed-form approximation cache-aided throughput, which measures density successfully served requests by local device caches, and obtain optimal probabilities via numerical optimization. Compared with cache-hit-optimal case,...

Wireless connectivity has traditionally been regarded as an opaque data pipe carrying messages, whose context-dependent meaning and effectiveness have ignored. Nevertheless, in emerging cyber-physical autonomous networked systems, acquiring, processing, sending excessive amounts of distributed real-time data, which ends up being stale or useless to the end user, will cause communication bottlenecks, increased latency, safety issues. We envision a paradigm shift, makes semantics information...

In this paper, we study a real-time monitoring system in which multiple source nodes are responsible for sending update packets to common destination node order maintain the freshness of information at destination. Since it may not always be feasible replace or recharge batteries all nodes, consider that powered through wireless energy transfer (WET) by For setup, investigate optimal online sampling policy (referred as age-optimal policy) jointly optimizes WET and scheduling packet...

The IEEE “Tactile Internet” (TI) Standards working group (WG), designated the numbering 1918.1, undertakes pioneering work on development of standards for TI. This paper describes WG, its intentions, and developing baseline standard associated reasoning behind that touches a further already initiated under scope: 1918.1.1 “Haptic Codecs TI.” 1918.1 aim to set framework act as foundations TI, thereby also serving basis developed TI within WG. discusses aspects such created architecture,...

With the advent of 5G technology, notion <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">latency</i> got a prominent role in wireless connectivity, serving as proxy term for addressing requirements real-time communication. As systems evolve toward 6G, ambition to immerse digital into physical reality will increase. Besides making more stringent, this immersion bring notions time, simultaneity, presence, and causality new level complexity. A...

We consider a system of multiple sources generating status update packets, which need to be sent by single transmitter destination over network. In the model we study, packet generation time may vary at each source, and packets go through network with random delay. Each carries stamp its generation, allowing calculate for source so called Age Information, measures timeliness arriving. Considering that queuing delay can unnecessarily increase age critical update, propose here queue management...

We consider a system consisting of N source nodes communicating with common receiver. Each node has buffer infinite capacity to store incoming bursty traffic in the form status updates transmitted packets, which should maintain information at receiver fresh. Packets waiting for transmission can be discarded avoid wasting network resources stale information. investigate age (AoI) performance under scheduled and random access. Moreover, we present analysis AoI without packet management queue...

We consider a status update communication system consisting of source-destination link. A stochastic process is observed at the source, where samples are extracted random time instances, and delivered to destination, thus, providing updates for source. In this paper, we expand concept information ageing by introducing cost delay (CoUD) metric characterize having stale destination. The CoUD captures freshness destination can be used reflect structure Moreover, introduce value (VoIU) that...

This paper characterizes the structure of Age Information (AoI)-optimal policy in wireless powered communication systems while accounting for time and energy costs generating status updates at source nodes. In particular, a single source-destination pair which radio frequency (RF)-powered sends about some physical process to destination node, we minimize long-term average AoI node. The problem is modeled as an cost Markov Decision Process (MDP) which, generation times source, transmissions...

In this work, we investigate information freshness in a status update communication system consisting of source-destination link. Initially, study the properties sample path age (AoI) process at destination. We obtain general formula stationary distribution AoI, under assumption ergodicity. relate result to discrete time queueing and provide expression generating function AoI relation with peak (PAoI) metric. Furthermore, consider three different single-server models closed-form expressions...

This paper studies the interplay between device-to-device (D2D) communications and real-time monitoring systems in a cellular-based Internet of Things (IoT) network. In particular, besides possibility that IoT devices communicate directly with each other D2D fashion, we consider they frequently send time-sensitive information/status updates (about some underlying physical processes observed by them) to their nearest cellular base stations (BSs). Specifically, model locations as bipolar...

This paper considers the scenario in which a set of nodes share common channel. Some have rechargeable battery and others are plugged to reliable power supply and, thus, no energy limitations. We consider two source-destination pairs apply concept cognitive radio communication sharing Specifically, we give high-priority energy-constrained pair, i.e., primary low-priority pair is free from such constraint, secondary pair. In contrast traditional notion radio, transmitter required relinquish...

We explore the potential of optimizing resource allocation with flexible numerology in frequency domain and variable frame structure time domain, services different types requirements. prove NP-hardness problem propose a scalable optimization algorithm based on linear programming Lagrangian duality. Numerical results show significant advantages adopting flexibility both domains for capacity enhancement meeting requirements mission critical services.

With the densification of nodes in cellular networks, free space optic (FSO) connections are becoming an appealing low cost and high rate alternative to copper fiber backhaul solutions for wireless communication systems. To ensure a reliable backhaul, provisions redundant disjoint paths between must be made design phase. This paper aims at finding cost-effective solution upgrade with pre-deployed optical fibers using FSO links mirror components. Since quality depends on several factors, such...

Age of Information (AoI) is a newly appeared concept and metric to characterize the freshness data. In this work, we study delay AoI in multiple access channel (MAC) with two source nodes transmitting different types data common destination. The first node grid-connected its packets arrive bursty manner, at each time slot it transmits one packet some probability. Another energy harvesting (EH) sensor generates new status update certain probability whenever charged. We derive EH as functions...

In this paper, we consider a two-user and three-user slotted ALOHA network with multi-packet reception (MPR) capabilities queue-aware transmission control. setting, the nodes can adapt their probabilities parameters based on status of other nodes. Each user has external bursty arrivals that are stored in infinite capacity queues. We focus fundamental problem characterizing stable throughput region, as well investigating queueing delay. For two- cases, obtain exact stability whereas former...

In this work, we derive optimal transmission policies for an energy harvesting status update system. The system monitors a stochastic process which can be in one of two states operation, normal state or alarm state. We capture the freshness updates each by using separate Age Information (AoI) variable and extending definition AoI to account process' changes. assume that demand is higher when utilize transition cost function increases non-linearly with linearly otherwise. formulate problem at...

A large body of applications that involve monitoring, decision making, and forecasting require timely status updates for their efficient operation. Age Information (AoI) is a newly proposed metric effectively captures this requirement. Recent research on the subject has derived AoI optimal policies generation packet queueing disciplines. Unlike previous research, we focus low-end devices typically support monitoring in context Internet Things. We acknowledge these host diverse set some which...

Real-time remote tracking using under-sampled and delayed measurements is considered here. We study an autonomous system where a transmitter monitors the evolution of discrete Markov source sends status updates to destination over unreliable wireless channel. The tasked with real-time reconstruction for actuation. introduce new goal-oriented sampling communication policies, which leverage significance effectiveness messages, as means generate transmit only most "informative" samples Our...

We consider a resource-constrained IoT network, where multiple users make on-demand requests to cache-enabled edge node send status updates about various random processes, each monitored by an energy harvesting sensor. The serves users' deciding whether command the corresponding sensor fresh update or retrieve most recently received measurement from cache. Our objective is find best actions of minimize average age information (AoI) measurements upon request, i.e., AoI, subject per-slot...

In this work, we study the real-time tracking and reconstruction of an information source with purpose actuation. A device monitors state transmits status updates to a receiver over wireless erasure channel. We consider two models for source, namely <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> -state Markov chain Birth-Death process. investigate several joint sampling transmission policies, including semantics-aware one, their...