This paper describes the methodology of combining experimental measurements with mathematical–physics analyses in investigation flow aperture and nozzle. The nozzle separate differentially pumped chamber from specimen an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Experimental are provided by temperature pressure sensors that meet demanding conditions cryogenic zones low pressures. maintains required difference between chambers. Since it separates large gradient, critical occurs on...

The ongoing research in Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) is contributed to this paper. Specifically, study investigates supersonic flow a nozzle aperture under low-pressure conditions at the continuum mechanics boundary. This phenomenon prevalent differentially pumped chamber of an ESEM, which separates two regions with significant pressure gradient using ratio approximately 10:1 range 10,000 100 Pa. influence wall roughness on boundary layer characteristics and its...

In the context of a changing climate and increasing efforts to use renewable energy sources waste materials green environment, new technologies for recovery from are being sought. This study evaluates possibilities generation potential products fruit species used in food processing industry. The results indicate good due low input moisture content around 15 wt. %, an average lower heating value (LHV) 16.5 MJ·kg−1, ash 4.9% meeting most emission limits similar biofuels. Elemental analysis...

This paper describes the combination of experimental measurements with mathematical–physical analysis during investigation flow in an aperture at low pressures a prepared chamber. In first step, pressure specimen chamber and its outlet were taken pumping process converted atmospheric into operating typical for current AQUASEM II environmental electron microscope ISI CAS Brno. Based on these results, model was tuned Ansys Fluent system subsequently used slip regime nozzle wall pressure. These...

The article describes the combination of experimental measurements with mathematical-physics analyses in flow investigation chambers scintillator detector, which is a part environmental scanning electron microscope. are divided apertures by small openings that keep desirable pressure differences between three chambers: specimen chamber, differentially pumped intermediate and chamber. There conflicting demands on these apertures. On one hand, diameter must be as big possible so they incur...

Abstract The paper deals with the impact of shocks on cargo securing during road freight transport. Commonly used methods do not take into account different quality roads, therefore doesn´t have to comply principles safe fastening. highligths values and inertia forces roads (highway 3 rd class road) based data conducted transport experiments. resulting (values acceleration coefficients) are statistically significantly higher than highway even at half average speed. optimization calculation...

The paper is focused on analysing the pearlitic steel phase transformations and their influence mechanical properties. intention to perform a detailed analysis of heat treatment process using exact heating temperature chemical composition achieve optimal properties tool. key area monitoring regulating treatment. This technology constantly undergoing an optimisation effort introduce new trends in processes. use non-destructive methods adequate principle determine structural at given moment,...

The service life of machine components exposed to cyclic loading below a yield point is very significant factor for the assessment material properties. One methods enhancing resistance initiation and course fatigue process changing chemical composition surface layer. paper concerned with prolongation cycle military vehicles by means new technology based on combination chemical-heat (plasma nitriding) treatment heat emphasis put increase in strength (resistance corrosion) originally...

The paper deals with the influence of temperature and cyclic loading on adhesion transparency adhesive joint consisting soda-lime-silica glass polycarbonate (PC) bonded polyurethane (PU) film. tested represents critical part transparent armored used in vehicles. Dynamic tension creep tests were performed at temperatures to which is commonly exposed (25, 50, 60, 70, 80 °C). Sawtooth mode was 650 N sine force range 0–1550 N. aim discover conditions causing delamination milky appearance during...

Mechanical components in military vehicles, such as shafts, gears, stubs, forming groups and subgroups, are exposed to extreme service load while operation consequence of the environment. Within NATO, Armed Forces Czech Republic deploy vehicles demanding mountainous terrain (e.g. Afghanistan), or past, areas with high dustiness relative humidity Iraq), which results shortening life cycles these increase financial means expended on recovery operability. This paper is concerned proposing a...

As far as the projectile/armour interaction is concerned, it can be generally stated that triggers degradation processes, and subsequently leads to a limit state in material. The nature of armour plate damage directly related type ammunition used indirectly operating conditions (the shooter’s capability, technical condition weapon, etc.). paper examines (critical temperature), under which ballistic resistance, measured based on determined mean velocity V 50 , decreases. Military vehicles...

The duplex treatment consisted of a plasma nitriding at 470 °C for 4 h and subsequent coating with TiN layer was applied on AISI 304L stainless steel. article is concerned to study the chemical composition mechanical properties system. GDOES method, laser confocal microscopy, nanohardness indentation test were employed characterize composition, depth profiles, surface morphology, hardness, adhesion. results show that system possesses desirable combination especially hardness. Adhesion PVD...

To effectively transport materials through different means of transport, it is essential to have an optimized warehouse logistics first. Thanks the Industry 4.0 platform, there are several ways accomplish delivery from a by road, rail or air. This paper deals with primary problem, which fast and accurate search selection required items in stock. For this issue, use smart glass technology its implementation logistic processes warehouses could help. In particular way, IRS (Integrated Rescue...

This work deals with the study of influence ambient temperature on dynamics changes in a lead-acid battery. For this reason, 2 sensors were placed battery under and measurements made to investigate rise fall temperatures internal environment as changes. The experiments show different waveform for sensor near side wall container compared center gravity. highest occur at locations close vessel. There is also always largest gradient beginning experiment, which further increases rate slowest...

A combination of experimental measurement preparations using pressure and temperature sensors in conjunction with the theory one-dimensional isentropic flow mathematical physics analyses is presented as a tool for analysis this paper. Furthermore, subsequent development nozzle use environmental electron microscopy between specimen chamber differentially pumped described. Based on measurements, an impact shaping located behind aperture character supersonic resulting dispersion beam passing...

The paper presents a methodology that combines experimental measurements and mathematical-physics analyses to investigate the flow behavior in nozzle-equipped aperture associated with solution of its impact on electron beam dispersion an environmental scanning microscope (ESEM). shape nozzle significantly influences character supersonic beyond aperture, especially type shock waves, which are highly dense compared surrounding gas. These affect scattering, resulting image. This analyzes effect...

A number of factors will increasingly play a role in the sustainability wine production coming period. The current situation suggests that analysis energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions particularly important role. so-called carbon footprint, expressed CO2 equivalents, is used to express sum GHG emissions. This study presents an vine cultivation particular Central European region, with main focus on quantifying inputs, yield, fuel consumption, emphasis was placed...

This paper deals with CFD analyses of the difference in nature shock waves supersonic flow under atmospheric pressure and conditions at boundary continuum mechanics for electron microscopy. The first part describes verification combination experimental chamber results initial using optical methods low pressures on that were performed. second an underexpanded nozzle performed to analyze characteristics normal a range from mechanics. obtained by modeling are prepared as basis design planned...

The paper is concerned with basic mechanical properties directly affecting ballistic resistance in relation to the ambient temperature changes. Possible decrease material may eventually lead increase logistic processes-related expenditures, e.g. when acquiring property and services upon combat damage military vehicle material. In experiment, a critical was determined, at which degradation processes, considerably decreasing of tested, are highly probable occur. experiment supplemented...

This article deals with the spread of corrosion in material at different exposure times, and its effect on measured brittle fracture notch impact strength under temperature conditions. To assess degradational characteristics represented by strength, we conducted a fractographic analysis surfaces, aim which was to evaluate material. In first part experiment, two tests are simulated duration time 432 648 hours, compare degradation depending tests. The following shows results bending test,...

With both the ecological and economical aspect of fossil fuels as a source energy, demand for renewable sources is rising. This paper aims to analyse two scenarios, which would benefit from use photovoltaic system. In first scenario, strategically important warehouse analysed, system designed simulated. second designs systems that could be used in mobile applications by responders, military command centres, or during natural disasters are proposed. The results simulations discussed may serve...