A novel approach is presented for the training of multilayer feedforward neural networks, using a conjugate gradient algorithm incorporating an appropriate line search algorithm. The updates input weights to each neuron in efficient parallel way, similar one used by well known backpropagation performance superior that conventional and based on strong theoretical reasons supported numerical results three examples.

Future distributed transactive energy markets are envisioned to integrate multiple entities located mainly at the distribution level of grid, so that consumers and prosumers can trade power either directly with upstream wholesale market or through local pricing mechanisms (e.g., "peer-to-peer" contracts by forming "energy communities"). In such environments, a transparent loss allocation framework is required guarantee economic efficiency fairness. Nevertheless, unbalanced flow nature...

Stray current control is essential in direct (DC) mass transit systems where the rail insulation not of sufficient quality to prevent a corrosion risk rails, supporting and third-party infrastructure. This paper details principles behind need for stray examines relationship between collection system design its efficiency. The use floating return rails shown provide reduction level comparison grounded system, significantly reducing traction running rails. An increase conductivity or soil...

The development of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants in rural areas is constantly increasing. However, the knowledge performing and installing lightning surge protection PV still premature. main objective this paper to provide a method for assessing external earthing designs that may be installed solar applications. Consequently, models presented assist engineers perform comparison between use isolated nonisolated systems, second select suitable equipment.

The tunneling construction in underground DC Metro Systems is mainly based on the bored tunnel method and cut-and-cover method. Therefore, stray current assessments mitigation actions should be tailored according to which of used. This paper presents a topologically accurate model for assessing dynamic picture sections metro systems. evaluation can provide an indication extent corrosion problem supporting third-party infrastructures system. In this paper, evaluations are combination various...

This study is directed toward furnishing stray current modeling on dc traction systems to cope with the variability of a number influencing parameters. To this end, archival value gained by virtue two new techniques. These techniques, first, include Monte-Carlo-based approach take into account dominant factors conductance per unit length between track and earth. Second, simulation technique that can provide more robust representation earth coupled uniform non-uniform soil models presented in...

In considering the stray current design for dc transit systems, stakeholders should comply with objective that requirement is to minimize impact of on supporting infrastructure and third party infrastructure. This paper defines a holistic assessment bored tunnel sections (BTSs) by utilizing boundary-element platform. The developed method enables performance various options characteristics be assessed system. Most important, methodology proposed offers means evaluate BTS in terms its geometry...

When evaluating the risks resulting from effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) on buried pipelines running near ac electrified traction systems, harmonic distortion in railway systems should be considered. This is because tractive units enforce current harmonics source, addition to fundamental frequency. The presence may exacerbate voltages accumulating close vicinity systems. Such cause danger persons or damage pipelines, long term. However, technical standards pipelines-traction...

The production of stray currents by DC light rail systems leads to the corrosion supporting and third-party infrastructure in close proximity system. This paper simulates two parallel tracks that are occupied trains: one on each track. type modeling constitutes a case study is utilized investigate effect soil topologies performance floating system focusing infrastructure. technique used involves accurate computation shunt series parameters for use resistive-type model using commercially...

Simulators of different approaches and scales have been reported in the literature an attempt to investigate generation impact stray currents resulting from operation dc rail transit systems. Bearing mind existing methods for current modeling control, this paper offers important advancement. A model is developed quantitatively assess more complex picture arising effect crosstrack regeneration supply. Crosstrack refers case where a train one tunnel collecting regenerating adjacent tunnel, as...

This article delivers useful practical contemplation of stray current calculation and monitoring endeavors in dc mass-transit systems. We focus on interpreting calculations-carried out at the design stage for real-life conditions-and determining safety margins to cope with calculations following oversimplifying assumptions. also discuss general specifications benefits direct method, through addressing implications that arise from implementing alternative rail potential method informatively...

The production of stray currents by DC-transit systems leads to the corrosion nearby buried metallic structures, such as pipelines and cable sheaths. paper details performance a DC transit system with floating return rail, for number different soil-resistivity structures: uniform, horizontal vertical-layer models. This builds on previous work carried out in homogenous soils. It is shown that variation soil type along route can lead high local leakage-current densities increasing their...

The key techniques employed in this paper reflect on a comprehensive method for calculating the cost of electric power and energy needed to supply life-cycle losses transformers. is applicable transformer users who possess their own generation transmission facilities. proposed loss evaluation based factors derived from relevant historical forecasted data that are combined determine total ownership Finally, companion paper, evaluated small-scale real system.

This paper elaborates on a new issue that should progressively receive attention by photovoltaic (PV) installation industry and utility-management entities. It specifically introduces stray current corrosion blind spots are inherent to PV systems' grounding associated dc ground fault detection mechanisms. These arise as the existing thresholds for leakage currents have been based other issues, such fire or personnel safety. Leakage may cause accelerated supporting metallic structures well...

This paper presents an algorithm for the sequential solution of ac/dc power flow, which is proposed analysis multi-terminal HVDC systems (MTDC). flow can be implemented easily in existing ac package and very flexible when it compared with unified methods. Gauss-Siedel used to solve dc balance equations, offers two keys advantages: fast simple computational implementation, errors do not accumulate during calculation. The tested using WSCC 3-machine, 9-bus system a 3-terminal MTDC network...

This paper aims to analyse the lightning protection system (LPS) of an isolated large and extended Photovoltaic (PV) installation park. The area where PV plant operates is characterised by high ground flash density (25 thunderstorm days per year) extremely soil resistivity value (i.e. pure rock with a more than 2000m). includes LPS design after experimental testing results, which were performed in laboratory. It also solutions some difficult overcoming problems that faced during application design.

This paper discusses the impact of photovoltaic (PV)-oriented dc stray current corrosion on large-scale solar farms' grounding and third-party infrastructure. The may result from a fault or be facilitated by buried cables' condition that allows leakage to flow into earth. In particular, such abnormal conditions can electrodes PV plants as well metallic infrastructures (e.g., natural gas pipelines) are laid in nearby vicinity plant. unfolds thoroughly addressing three specific objectives: 1)...

Rapid modernisation of distribution power systems aims to improve system efficiency and reliability while increasing photovoltaic (PV) penetration levels. However, ensuring the cyber security such smart grids has emerged as major challenge. Cyber-attacks on key equipment may lead inefficient operation grid, breach private meter data or cause intentional false tripping feeders. In this paper, a man in middle attack commercial solar PV inverter, which provides ancillary services is...

Rocket and spinach baby leaves are valuable commodities since they basic components of popular ready-made salads. Two methods may follow after harvesting: establishment new cultivations or successive revegetations harvests. This study aimed to investigate the yield nutritional value rocket individual in a floating system improve their production strategy. The crops were cultivated greenhouse for seven weeks using with an adjusted nutrient solution. either harvested immediately replaced set...

The ability to predict ferroresonance significantly relies on the accuracy of transformer model and power system's parameters. accomplishment a suitable simulation allows sensitivity studies be performed determine degree influence various components parameters phenomenon such as line length, point-on-wave switching core loss. modelling work carried out in ATP (commercially available software) 1000 MV A 400/275/13 kV is described with field test recordings verified. maps that define...

Most transformer finite-element electromagnetic analysis is performed in the frequency domain (with an implicit sinusoidal variation of flux, current and voltage), since calculation transient time-domain solution, particularly multiple cases or conditions, currently restricted by conventional computational power (especially three dimensions). At high levels saturation, though, core flux can be very non-sinusoidal. Where conditions do not hold, for example ferroresonant currents, a solution...

In grounded photovoltaic (PV) systems, dc leakage to earth is formed by the contribution of PV modules, inverters, and circuitry. Ground faults in such systems occur when there an unintentional connection between any dc-carrying conductor with a surface or earth. On occurrence ground faults, will be intensified flow through other conductive paths, before returning back source. Thus, it highly probable that some portion attempt return source low-resistance paths exist nearby vicinity, for...