This study attempts to test aspects of the input hypothesis (Krashen, 1980, 1983, 1985) and Long's modification it (Long, 1983a, 1985). Specifically, experimentally tests that both interactional modifications facilitate second language acquisition, using Japanese as target language. Three experimental groups were differentiated in terms interaction conditions: (1) unmodified with no interaction, (2) premodified (3) chance for negotiated interaction. The compared (a) their degree...

Which region of the visual field is most useful for recognizing scene gist, central vision (the fovea and parafovea) based on its higher resolution importance object recognition, or periphery, resolving lower spatial frequencies gist large extent? Scenes were presented in two experimental conditions: a "Window," circular showing portion scene, blocking peripheral information, "Scotoma," which blocks out shows only periphery. Results indicated periphery was more than maximal performance...

A fundamental issue in visual attention is the relationship between useful field of view (UFOV), region space where information encoded within a single fixation, and eccentricity. common assumption that impairing attentional resources reduces size UFOV (i.e., tunnel vision). However, most research has not accounted for eccentricity-dependent changes spatial resolution, potentially conflating fixed properties with flexible attention. Williams (1988, 1989) argued foveal loads are necessary to...

What is the relationship between film viewers' eye movements and their comprehension? Typical Hollywood movies induce strong attentional synchrony-most viewers look at same things time. Thus, we asked whether would differ based on understanding-the mental model hypothesis-or any such differences be overwhelmed by synchrony-the tyranny of hypothesis. To investigate this question, manipulated presence/absence prior context measured resulting in comprehension movements. Viewers watched a...

Understanding how people comprehend visual narratives (including picture stories, comics, and film) requires the combination of traditionally separate theories that span initial sensory perceptual processing complex scenes, perception events over time, comprehension narratives. Existing piecemeal approaches fail to capture interplay between these levels processing. Here, we propose Scene Perception & Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT), as applied narratives, which distinguishes front-end...

This study investigated how visual attention differed between those who correctly versus incorrectly answered introductory physics problems. We recorded eye movements of 24 individuals on six different conceptual problems where the necessary information to solve problem was contained in a diagram. The also areas consistent with novicelike response and high perceptual salience. Participants ranged from had only taken one school course completed Physics Ph.D. found that participants spent...

We examined the limits of visual resolution in natural scene viewing, using a gaze-contingent multiresolutional display having gaze-centred area-of-interest and decreasing with eccentricity. Twelve participants viewed high-resolution scenes which versions occasionally appeared for single fixations. Both detection image degradation (five filtering levels plus no-area-of-interest control) display, eye fixation durations, were well predicted by model eccentricity-dependent contrast sensitivity....

This study examined spatial vision and attentional selection using a gaze-contingent multiresolutional display, with dynamic, gaze-centered, high-resolution window lower resolution periphery. Visual search times eye movements from 15 participants in 3 x design (Window Radius Peripheral Resolution) suggest that contrast sensitivity as function of retinal eccentricity affects visual processing. Smaller windows led to longer shorter saccades; peripheral also shortened saccades (all ps < .05)...

What level of categorization occurs first in scene gist processing, basic or the superordinate “natural” versus “man-made” distinction? The Spatial Envelope model classification and human recognition (Oliva & Torralba, 2001) assumes that distinction is made prior to basic-level distinctions. This assumption contradicts claim at before (Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, Boyes-Braem, 1976). present study tests this by having viewers categorize briefly flashed masked scenes after varying amounts...

Although stress is frequently claimed to impede foreign language (FL) reading comprehension, it usually not explained how. We investigated the effects of stress, working memory (WM) capacity, and inferential complexity on Spanish FL readers’ processing during comprehension. Inferences, although necessary for vary in WM demands. measured 55 intermediate‐level learners’ using questions with three levels complexity: non‐inference (factual), bridging inference (pronoun referent), pragmatic...

We investigated the relative contributions of central versus peripheral vision in scene-gist recognition with panoramic 180° scenes. Experiment 1 used window/scotoma paradigm Larson and Loschky (2009). replicated their findings that was more important for rapid scene categorization, while efficient, but those effects were greatly magnified. For example, comparing our critical radius (which produced equivalent performance mutually exclusive image regions) to Loschky, 10° had a ratio area 10...

This study investigated perceptual disruptions in gaze-contingent multiresolutional displays (GCMRDs) due to delays updating the center of highest resolution after an eye movement. GCMRDs can be used save processing resources and transmission bandwidth many types single-user display applications, such as virtual reality, video-telephony, simulators, remote piloting. The current found that image update late 60 ms movement did not significantly increase detectability blur and/or motion...

People can recognize the meaning or gist of a scene from single glance, and few recent studies have begun to examine sorts information that contribute recognition. The authors present study used visual masking coupled with image manipulations (randomizing phase while maintaining Fourier amplitude spectrum; random structure evolution [RISE]; J. Sadr & P. Sinha, 2004) explore whether when unlocalized contributes perception. In 4 experiments, found differences between categories in spectrum are...

Viewers can rapidly extract a holistic semantic representation of real-world scene within single eye fixation, an ability called recognizing the gist scene, and operationally defined here as image's basic-level category. However, it is unknown how recognition unfolds over both time space-within fixation across visual field. Thus, in 3 experiments, current study investigated spatiotemporal dynamics categorization from central vision to peripheral course critical first on novel scene. The...

Film is ubiquitous, but the processes that guide viewers' attention while viewing film narratives are poorly understood. In fact, many theorists and practitioners disagree on whether stimulus (bottom-up) or viewer (top-down) more important in determining how we watch movies. Reading research has shown a strong connection between eye movements comprehension, scene perception studies have effects of tasks movements, such idiosyncratic top-down control gaze would be anathema to universal...

We aimed to develop and test a new dynamic measure of transient changes the useful field view (UFOV), utilizing gaze-contingent paradigm for use in realistic simulated environments.The UFOV, area from which an observer can extract visual information during single fixation, has been correlated with driving performance crash risk. However, some existing measures UFOV cannot be used dynamically simulators, other involve constant stimuli at fixed locations. propose (the GC-UFOV) that solves...

In a previous study, DeLeeuw and Mayer (2008) found support for the triarchic model of cognitive load (Sweller, Van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998, 2019) by showing that three different metrics could be used to independently measure 3 hypothesized types load: intrinsic, extraneous, germane. However, 2 authors were intrusive in nature because learning had stopped momentarily complete measures. The current study extends design investigating whether learners’ eye movement behavior can proposed...

One way to economize on bandwidth in single-user head-mounted displays is put high-resolution information only where the user currently looking. This paper summarizes results from a series of 6 studies investigating spatial, resolutional, and temporal parameters affecting perception performance such eye-contingent multi-resolutional displays. Based these studies, suggestions are made for design

We investigate the effects of visual cueing on students' eye movements and reasoning introductory physics problems with diagrams. Participants in our study were randomly assigned to either cued or noncued conditions, which differed by whether participants saw conceptual overlaid dynamic cues. Students condition shown an initial problem, if they answered that incorrectly, a series each selection integration cues problem also provided problems, but without any found significantly more...

What role do moment-to-moment comprehension processes play in visual attentional selection picture stories? The current work uniquely tested the of bridging inference generation on eye movements while participants viewed stories. Specific components Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) were tested. Bridging was induced by manipulating presence highly inferable actions embedded When are missing, have increased viewing times for immediately following critical image...