Film is ubiquitous, but the processes that guide viewers' attention while viewing film narratives are poorly understood. In fact, many theorists and practitioners disagree on whether stimulus (bottom-up) or viewer (top-down) more important in determining how we watch movies. Reading research has shown a strong connection between eye movements comprehension, scene perception studies have effects of tasks movements, such idiosyncratic top-down control gaze would be anathema to universal...

In a previous study, DeLeeuw and Mayer (2008) found support for the triarchic model of cognitive load (Sweller, Van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998, 2019) by showing that three different metrics could be used to independently measure 3 hypothesized types load: intrinsic, extraneous, germane. However, 2 authors were intrusive in nature because learning had stopped momentarily complete measures. The current study extends design investigating whether learners’ eye movement behavior can proposed...

What role do moment-to-moment comprehension processes play in visual attentional selection picture stories? The current work uniquely tested the of bridging inference generation on eye movements while participants viewed stories. Specific components Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) were tested. Bridging was induced by manipulating presence highly inferable actions embedded When are missing, have increased viewing times for immediately following critical image...

Cognitive load theory (CLT) provides us guiding principles in the design of learning materials.CLT differentiates three different kinds cognitive --intrinsic, extraneous and germane load.Intrinsic is related to goal, costs resources but does not contribute learning.Germane can foster learning.Objective methods, such as eye movement measures EEG have been used measure total load.Very few research studies, if any, completed separately with physiological methods a continuous manner.In this...

Viewers' attentional selection while looking at scenes is affected by both top-down and bottom-up factors. However, when watching film, viewers typically attend to the movie similarly irrespective of factors-a phenomenon we call tyranny film. A key difference between still pictures film that contains motion, which a strong attractor attention highly predictive gaze during viewing. The goal present study was test if driven motion. To do this, created slideshow presentation opening scene Touch...

We investigated the effect of hint modality on students' eye movements conceptual physics problems with diagrams.We recruited 57 students enrolled in a class for future elementary teachers.The participants were randomly assigned to conditions no hints, visual text audio and all possible combinations.We found that different modalities affect differently difference relates their problem-solving performance.The results this study are from predictions based Cognitive Theory Multimedia Learning...

Your understanding of what you see now surely influences will look at next. Yet this simple concept has only recently begun to be systematically studied and elaborated within theoretical frameworks. The Scene Perception & Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) distinguishes between front-end back-end processes that occur while viewers perceive comprehend dynamic real-world events. Front-end during each eye fixation (information extraction, attentional selection) in memory (the current...

Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT) posits that understanding picture stories depends upon a coordination of two processes: (1) integrating new information into the current event model is coherent with it (i.e., mapping) (2) segmenting experiences distinct models shifting). In experiments, we investigated competing hypotheses regarding how viewers coordinate mapping process bridging inference generation shifting segmentation by manipulating presence/absence Bridging...

Research has shown that students' responses to conceptual questions correlate with their eye movements.However, what extent is it possible predict whether a particular learner might answer question correctly by monitoring movements in real time?To this question, we used spatialtemporal eye-movement data from about 400 participants, as well four physics diagrams.Half of these were training set for machine learning algorithm (MLA) would the correctness questions.The other half test determine...

During reading there is a strong relationship between eye-movements and comprehension, but does this extend to the ubiquitous activity of watching movies? In four experiments we tested two competing hypotheses: H1) Mental Model: viewers' narrative comprehension guides their visual attention, versus H2) Tyranny Film: Attentional synchrony across viewers washes out comprehension-based differences in attention. We these hypotheses by manipulating through presence/absence context while...

Movies are ubiquitous and rapidly understood, but how does this occur? Voluminous reading research has investigated eye-movement/comprehension relationships, do these relationships hold for film comprehension? We hypothesized viewers' narrative event models would guide their attention while watching films. To test this, we manipulated the presence/absence of prior context measured resulting differences in comprehension eye-movements. presented participants with one two versions opening scene...

Research has shown that visual cues can facilitate problem solving by helping direct students' attention to relevant areas of a diagram.We investigate the effect and outcome feedback on while conceptual physics problems containing diagram.Students (N=89) enrolled in introductory mechanics courses were individually interviewed using think-aloud protocol.Students solved four sets problems, each set an initial problem, training near transfer far problem.Students cued conditions saw students...

When people see political advertisements on a polarized issue they take stance on, what factors influence how respond to and remember the adverts contents? Across three studies, we tested competing hypotheses about individual differences in social vigilantism (i.e., attitude superiority) need for cognition relate intentions resist change memory concerning abortion. In Experiments 1 2, examined participants’ use resistance strategies preserve their pre-existing attitudes abortion, by either...

This study tested the role of audio soundtrack in opening scene Orson Welles’s Touch Evil (Orson Welles and Albert Zugsmith, 1958) supporting a predictive inference that time bomb will explode, as filmmakers intended. We designed two experiments interpreted their results using Scene Perception Event Comprehension Theory (SPECT). Across both experiments, viewers watched scene, we manipulated knowledge bomb, they made just before would explode. Experiment 1 found likelihood predicting...

Cognitive load theory (CLT) provides us guiding principles in the design of learning materials. CLT differentiates three different kinds cognitive -- intrinsic, extraneous and germane load. Intrinsic is related to goal, costs resources but does not contribute learning. Germane can foster Objective methods, such as eye movement measures EEG have been used measure total Very few research studies, if any, completed separately with physiological methods a continuous manner. In this current...

Across three studies, we tested competing hypotheses about how individual differences in social vigilantism and need for cognition relate to levels of attitude change, intentions resist memory political advertisements concerning a highly polarized issue. In Experiments 1 2, examined participants’ use resistance strategies preserve their pre-existing attitudes abortion, by either engaging against opposing opinions or disengaging from them. Experiment 3, information both sides the controversy...

Film-viewers’ eye-movements seem largely disconnected from their comprehension; rarely deviate focal narrative elements, regardless of comprehension differences (Loschky et al., 2015; Hutson 2017), termed the Tyranny film. This suggests bottom-up film features overwhelm top-down attentional control. However, viewers’ did elements when given a task irrelevant to comprehension, suggesting viewers used volitional do naturally engage in control during viewing or it is too cognitively demanding?...

Transfer of learning is an important objective education.However, students usually have difficulties in solving physics transfer tasks even after having solved similar problems previously.We investigated if instruction provided using videos containing detailed explanations previously will improve students' performance tackling near and far tasks.We also whether the combination visual cues followed by video solutions yields further enhancement performance.N=33 algebra-based class participated...

During reading, eye-movements are closely related to comprehension, but the opposite has been shown in film viewing. Recent studies have that high attentional synchrony found during viewing may leave little room for comprehension based eye-movement differences. We therefore tested following two competing hypotheses: 1) The Cognitive Task Hypothesis: high-level task processes guide eye-movements, versus 2) Tyranny of Film movies produce strong regardless higher-level processes. Previous...

Previous work has shown that event representations are constructed in a coarse-to-fine fashion (Larson, Hendry, & Loschky, 2012). Specifically, an event’s superordinate scene category was recognized first (Indoor or Outdoor), followed by its basic level (Kitchen Office), and then action (Cooking Washing). This indicates begin with understanding the category. If this is correct, it suggests recognizing scene’s may facilitate recognition. Conversely, surrounding image interfere processing...