Background: If safety is defined as the diminished ability to penetrate facial arteries, goal of this study was investigate whether different-sized cannulas are safer than correspondingly sized needles for application soft-tissue fillers. Methods: Two hundred ninety-four penetration procedures and superficial temporal arteries were performed in four fresh frozen cephalic specimens using both (20-, 22-, 25-, 27-gauge) (22-, 27-gauge). Continuously increasing force applied measured until...

Background: Injection of soft-tissue fillers into the facial fat compartments is frequently performed to ameliorate signs aging. This study was designed investigate functional anatomy deep and provide information on effects injected material in relation age gender differences. Methods: Forty fresh frozen cephalic specimens 17 male 23 female Caucasian body donors (mean age, 76.9 ± 13.1 years; mean mass index, 23.6 5.3 kg/m 2 ) were investigated. Computed tomographic magnetic resonance imaging...

Background: Anatomical knowledge of the facial vasculature is crucial for successful plastic, reconstructive, and minimally invasive procedures face. Whereas majority previous investigations focused on arteries, precise course, variability, relationship with adjacent structures vein have been widely neglected. Methods: Seventy-two fresh frozen human cephalic cadavers (32 male 40 female cadavers; mean age, 75.2 ± 10.9 years; body mass index, 24.2 6.6 kg/m 2 ; 99 percent Caucasian ethnicity)...

BACKGROUND The midface is an area of high demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures, that is, soft-tissue filler injections. OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional anatomy behind facial overfilled syndrome observed after MATERIALS AND METHODS clinical part study enrolled 25 volunteers (12 men and 13 women, Caucasians); anatomical included 72 fresh frozen cephalic specimens obtained from 32 male 40 female body donors. 3D surface scanning procedures were applied to calculate maximal...

Age-related changes of the frontal bone in both males and females have received limited attention, although understanding these is crucial to developing best surgical nonsurgical treatment plans for this area. To investigate age-related gender-related forehead. Cranial computed tomographic images from 157 Caucasian individuals were investigated (10 10 each following decades: 20-29 years, 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 8 9 aged 90-98 years). Frontal thickness forehead distance...

Our understanding of the aging changes involving cranium and its impact on overlying soft tissues is limited.This study was designed to look at that occur in with propose an additional mechanism for loss support tissues.One hundred fifty-seven white individuals (10 males 10 females each decade: 20-29 years, 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 8 9 aged 90-98 years) were investigated. Computed tomographic (CT) multiplanar scans standardized measurements cranial thickness performed frontal...

Background: This study was performed to investigate gender differences in gluteal subcutaneous architecture and biomechanics better understand the pathophysiology underlying mattress-like appearance of cellulite. Methods: Ten male 10 female body donors [mean age, 76 ± 16.47 years (range, 36 92 years); mean mass index, 25.27 6.24 kg/m 2 16.69 40.76 )] were used generate full-thickness longitudinal transverse slices. In superficial deep fatty layers, fat lobule number, height, width...

Abstract Background Facial aging is a multifactorial process that involves all tissues of the face, including skin, muscles, fat, ligaments, and bone. Whereas robust evidence available for age-related changes bone facial influence age on muscle activity poorly understood. Objectives The objective this study was to investigate motor unit action potential muscles by utilizing surface-derived, noninvasive electromyography in young old healthy volunteers. Methods investigated total 32 volunteers...

Despite various aesthetic trends, the ideal lip proportion and volume remains elusive. Thus, aim of this study was to investigate perception shapes identify most attractive lips.Fifty-nine White participants with a mean age 32.73 ± 9.4 years were asked assess lips proportions volumes. Gaze assessment rating same set modified images performed.The results revealed that rated be 1:1.6 ratio (upper-to-lower lip, 4.21 possible 5). This proportion, however, not first one viewed on initial image...

Cellulite is an alteration of the topography skin that occurs in body areas where fat deposition seems to be under influence estrogen: mainly hips, buttocks, thighs, and abdomen. The presence cellulite a significant source patient dissatisfaction. There currently no cure or consistently effective treatment for cellulite.The authors sought show subdermal application neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser combined with autologous transplantation safe cellulite.From January...

Background: Information on the onset and gender differences of midfacial skeletal changes, including complete understanding theory behind clockwise rotational theory, remains elusive. Methods: One hundred fifty-seven Caucasian individuals (10 men 10 women aged 20 to 29 years, 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79 80 89 eight nine 90 98 years) were investigated. Multiplanar computed tomographic scans with standardized angle distance measurements in all three anatomical axes alignment sella-nasion...

Background: The deep intramuscular approach during buttock augmentation with fat grafting has been associated a significantly increased risk for pulmonary embolism. This study was designed to provide guidance injection into the subcutaneous fat. Methods: authors investigated 150 Caucasian individuals an equal distribution of men and women ( n = 75 each) balanced age 30 per decade: 20 29, 39, 40 49, 50 59, 60 69 years) body mass index group: ≤24.9 kg/m 2 , between 25.0 29.9kg/m ≥30 )....

Abstract Background Previous anatomic studies have provided valuable information on the 2-dimensional course of angular segment facial artery in midface and its arterial connections. The third dimension (ie, depth artery) is less well characterized. Objectives objective present study was to describe 3-dimensional pathway relationship muscles expression. Methods bilateral location midfacial measured utilizing multi-planar computed tomographic image analyses obtained from contrast...

An increasing number of soft tissue filler procedures in the nasal region has been reported. Concomitant with demand, complications risen due to difficulty administering a where layering is complex.The authors sought describe layered arrangement nose as it relates underlying arterial vasculature and define safer zones for enhancement.A total 60 (28 males 32 females) study participants were investigated respect their anatomy midline utilizing ultrasound imaging. The presence extent was...

Novel imaging methods have provided new insights into the layered anatomy of forehead. This study seeks to critically reevaluate forehead by using ultrasound and cadaveric dissection provide an accurate anatomical description that can be used guide safer surgical minimally invasive frontal procedures.This in a sample 20 volunteers (12 female eight male volunteers; aged 35.25 ± 4.2 years; body mass index, 24.28 3.5 kg/m2) dissections 16 donors four donors; 72.76 9.5 years) Layer-by-layer...

Abstract Background Liposuction and lipoabdominoplasty procedures frequently involve the treatment of superficial deep fatty layers abdomen. Objectives The aim present investigation was to provide comprehensive data on thickness abdominal in relation age, gender, body mass index (BMI). Methods study investigated 150 Caucasian individuals; there an equal distribution males females (each n = 75) a balanced age (n 30 per decade: 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 years) BMI 50 group: ≤24.9,...