Despite tendencies toward convergence, differences between individuals and groups continue to exist in beliefs, attitudes, behavior. An agent-based adaptive model reveals the effects of a mechanism convergent social influence. The actors are placed at fixed sites. basic premise is that more similar an actor neighbor, likely will adopt one neighbor's traits. Unlike previous models influence or cultural change treat features time, proposed takes into account interaction different features....

Norms provide a powerful mechanism for regulating conflict in groups, even when there are more than two people and no central authority. This paper investigates the emergence stability of behavioral norms context game played by limited rationality. The dynamics this new analyzed with computer simulation based upon evolutionary principle that strategies shown to be relatively effective will used future less strategies. results show conditions under which can evolve prove stable. One...

Norms provide a powerful mechanism for regulating conflict in groups, even when there are more than two people and no central authority. This paper investigates the emergence stability of behavioral norms context game played by limited rationality. The dynamics this new analyzed with computer simulation based upon evolutionary principle that strategies shown to be relatively effective will used future less strategies. results show conditions under which can evolve prove stable. One...

Cooperation and discord in world politics are explained to a considerable extent by the three factors discussed Introduction: mutuality of interest, shadow future, number players. Yet context interaction, perceptions, strategies is also important. Issues linked one another through multilevel games, which may be compatible or incompatible. Whether reciprocity constitutes an effective strategy depends both on linkages among issues institutions within negotiations take place. Perceptions always...

This article investigates the conditions under which cooperation will emerge in a world of egoists without central authority. problem plays an important role such diverse fields as political philosophy, international politics, and economic social exchange. The is formalized iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with pairwise interaction among population individuals. Results from three approaches are reported: tournament approach, ecological evolutionary approach. approach most general since all...

This is a “primer” on how to play the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game effectively. Existing research approaches offer participant limited help in understanding cope effectively with such interactions. To gain deeper of be effective partially competitive and cooperative environment, computer tournament was conducted for Dilemma. Decision rules were submitted by entrants who recruited primarily from experts theory variety disciplines: psychology, political science, economics, sociology,...

This study reports and analyzes the results of second round computer tournament for iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. The object is to gain a deeper understanding how perform well in such setting. 62 entrants were able draw lessons from first design their entries take these into account. demonstrate number subtle pitfalls which specific types decision rules can encounter. winning rule was once again TIT FOR TAT, cooperates on move then does what other player did previous move. analysis shows...

Ethnocentrism is a nearly universal syndrome of attitudes and behaviors, typically including in-group favoritism. Empirical evidence suggests that predisposition to favor in-groups can be easily triggered by even arbitrary group distinctions preferential cooperation within groups occurs when it individually costly. The authors study the emergence robustness ethnocentric behaviors favoritism, using an agent-based evolutionary model. They show such become widespread under broad range...

The world is complex, and yet people are able to make some sense out of it. This paper offers an information-processing model describe this aspect perception cognition. assumes that a person receives information which less than perfect in terms its completeness, accuracy, reliability. provides dynamic description how evaluates kind about case, he selects one his pre-existing patterns (called schemata) with interpret the uses interpretation modify extend beliefs case. It also describes...

Noise in the form of random errors implementing a choice is common problem real-world interactions. Recent research has identified three approaches to coping with noise: adding generosity reciprocating strategy; contrition and using an entirely different strategy, Pavlov, based on idea switching whenever previous payoff was low. Tournament studies, ecological simulation, theoretical analysis demonstrate (1) generous version tit-for-tat highly effective strategy when players it meets have not...

We present a theory for predicting how business firms form alliances to develop and sponsor technical standards. Our basic assumptions are that the utility of firm joining particular standard-setting alliance increases with size decreases presence rivals in alliance, especially close rivals. The predicted configurations simply Nash equilibria, i.e., those sets which no single has an incentive switch another alliance. illustrate our by estimating choices nine computer companies join one two...

Sacred values differ from material or instrumental in that they incorporate moral beliefs drive action ways dissociated prospects for success. Across the world, people believe devotion to essential core — such as welfare of their family and country, commitment religion, honor, justice are, ought be, absolute inviolable. Counterintuitively, understanding an opponent's sacred values, we believe, offers surprising opportunities breakthroughs peace. Because emotional unwillingness those conflict...

Resolution of quarrels arising from conflicting sacred values, as in the Middle East, may require concessions that acknowledge opposition's core concerns.