It is possible to account for the distribution and low species diversity of aphids in terms constraints imposed by their way life, namely, short period which they can survive without food, high degree host specificity, efficiency with locate plants. Ninety percent plants are not used as hosts (Eastop 1973) mostly because these just too rare.

Most animal and plant species first grow then switch to reproduction. Some continue after breeding is initiated. Parthenogenetic aphids have a different reproductive strategy. They invest in both somatic gonadal growth during their larval development. A developmental constraint suggested favour the simultaneous commitment of soma gonads life telescoping generations as an effective means maximizing rate increase. This also explains why produce offspring singly rather than clutches by so doing...

1. An optimal energy partitioning model is used to predict the optimum adult sizes of soma, gonads and flight apparatus in insects. A comparison investment lipoidal reserves winged unwinged individuals species from three families aphids test predictions define cost developing a apparatus. 2. In accordance with theoretical had smaller than wingless there appeared be trade-off between both morphs. 3. Developing prolongs development resulted 20% reduction gonad size

Questions concerning species diversity have attracted ecologists and biogeographers for over a century, mainly because the of life on Earth is in rapid decline, which expected to continue future. One most important current database distribution data Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), contains more than 2 billion occurrences all organisms, this number continuously increasing with addition new by combining other applications. Such also exist several national databases, are...

Species are disappearing worldwide, and changes in climate land use commonly assumed to be the most important causes. Organisms counteracting negative effects of environmental factors on their survival by evolving various defence strategies, which positively affect fitness. Here, question addressed is: can evolution shape these strategies so that they fitness an organism? This is complex depends taxa factors. Therefore, here, only a special case this studied deceptive species orchids:...

Species are disappearing worldwide, and it is likely that the rate of their disappearance will increase. The most important factors responsible for this assumed to be changes in climate land use. To determine probability extinction a given species, must viewed as metapopulation composed many populations. In plants, seeds spread by wind or water (passive dispersers), unlike active dispersers, which can actively look suitable site species. Thus, while dispersers locate site, passive often fail...

Visual attractiveness and rarity often results in large carnivores being adopted as flagship species for stimulating conservation awareness. Their hunting behaviour prey selection can affect the population dynamics of their prey, which turn affects these carnivores. Therefore, our understanding trophic ecology foraging strategies is important predicting consequently developing effective programs. Here we concentrate on an endangered carnivores, snow leopard, Himalayas. Most previous studies...

Abstract Understanding the abundance and distribution patterns of species at large spatial scales is one goals biogeography macroecology, as it helps researchers authorities in designing conservation measures for endangered species. Orchids, most groups plants, have a complicated system pollination mechanisms. Their survival strongly depends on success, which then determines their presence space. Here we concentrate how mechanisms (presence/absence nectar) are associated with orchid density...