This paper aims to identify the costs of capital in a group companies from energy sector by including an investor and market risk approach. The study also concerns company’s Weighted Average Cost Capital (WACC) cost intra-industry analysis related characteristics such as total assets, revenues, capitalization, companies’ age. In order assess intergroup relationships, basic correlation relationships were compared nonparametric test variance was performed. period under covered years 2015–2019....

The last three years have been a period of many challenges related to the dynamically changing conditions economic environment. Among these changes, some most important for further functioning private and public entities are those instability energy market. Rapidly rising prices increase costs implementing tasks. They also greatly search innovative, energy-saving environmentally friendly ways performing municipal main aim article is present concept smart village as an instrument...

Energy from biogas is one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Significant, for technical, economic, and environmental reasons, construction agricultural microgas plants next to households specialising in cattle rearing. The availability free substrate makes it possible not only produce one's electricity heat but also a more environmentally human-friendly manure. operation is, unfortunately, associated with technical problems. This paper presents results study quality...

Constructing agricultural microbial gasification plants near livestock farms is essential for technical, economic, and environmental reasons. Utilising substrates from these allows producing electricity, heat, environmentally friendly manure. However, biogas often face technical challenges. This study evaluates the power quality of an plant on a dairy farm. It was found that connected via cable with insufficient conductor cross-section, leading to significant voltage overshoots exceeding...

Purpose: This article aimed to identify CSR activities undertaken by companies from various countries during the pandemic.The authors have based their systematics of on empirical research conducted among managerial staff enterprises in Poland, Belgium, and Ukraine.Design/Methodology/Approach: To check how whether strategy was implemented socially responsible COVID 19 pandemic, pilot studies were carried out middle senior management July -August 2020.These Ukraine, Belgium.Authors used a...

Employment and the competencies of employees in energy sector are coming into particular prominence economies around world. It is one few sectors positively affected by COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, significant global change awareness society occurred favor increasing pro-health pro-environmental activities, which can be seen green transformation. Poland also boast such changes recent years, as evidenced dynamic development renewable sources (boom for photovoltaics) increase prosumption....

Purpose: This article aims to identify and determine the role of information security (across its various dimensions) in functioning an organization.An important aspect is also defining key challenges threats associated with it.The first part presents essence within organization.Next, auditing as a leading tool ensuring defined.The subsequent section identifies analyzes contemporary area organizational security.Design/Methodology/Approach: The research conducted utilized from secondary...

Renewable electricity sources are now widely used worldwide. Currently, the most common those that use energy contained in biomass, water, sun, and wind. When connected to a medium-voltage grid, individual wind power plants must meet specific conditions maintain quality. This article presents field study results on impact of switching operations (turning plant off) at 2 MW Vestas V90 turbine voltage parameters connection point farm located 450 m from source. The analysis showed under...

The article presents the results of research on spatial diversity incomes from forest tax. analysis covered amount tax in budgets rural communes and their share total revenues. Based conducted it was found that dynamics changes related to this phenomenon is not significant. This applies as income, well its determined by occurrence areas, land qualified register lands buildings forests – Ls. After Poland’s accession EU structures, number hectares designated for afforestation characterized an...

The aim of the paper is to present some practical problems in dimension property tax. article focuses on presenting specifics real estate taxation Poland relation objects taxation, indicated maximum level tax rates (and also lowest) and identifies basic scope exemption. Particular attention paid windmills, living spaces used for economic activity (business) garages collective residential buildings.

Purpose:The aim of the article is to show specificity organization places such as cemeteries on example this type facilities in city Bydgoszcz.Design/Methodology/Approach: The selection local government was deliberate.The research methods used by authors work included: a study subject literature, an analysis legal acts various importance, case and method individual cases (collecting multi-faceted information regarding studied then using it diagnosis phenomenon).Findings: In course research,...

W artykule tym autorka przedstawiała wybrane elementy koncepcji nowego publicznego zarzadzania wraz możliwościami zastosowania postulatów z niej wynikających w zarządzaniu podstawową jednostkę samorządu terytorialnego. Gmina jako podstawowa jednostka terytorialnego jest specyficzną organizacją wyodrębnioną otocznia i jednocześnie powiązana nim poprzez sferę gospodarczą, spoleczną, przestrzenną, ekologiczną oraz kulturową. Wyposażona została konstytucyjnie chronioną samodzielność działania...

Przekazanie przez władzę centralną kompetencji do świadczenia usług publicznych jednostkom samorządu terytorialnego powodowane było sytuacją zmierzającą racjonalizacji wydatków oraz podwyższenia ich efektywności.Zamierzenie to jednak nie spowodowało, iż taka prawidłowość obserwowana jest we wszystkich sferach działalności samorządowej.Samorząd terytorialny bowiem elementem administracji publicznej o właściwości ogólnej.Obszar i granice administracyjne samorządów zostały ustalone w zakresie...

The article presents the organisational and legal conditions behind a municipal waste management system. authors reviewed subject literature on functioning of local government public services theory, focusing management. paper also contains acts governing international national law. They define, in light central hierarchy waste, types magnitude necessary measures to be implemented this area. cover both requirements quantity quality.

The paper discusses the issue connected with assessing internal policy of liquidity management carried out in one chemical industry enterprises 2002–2006. article includes main questions from field enterprise finances, special focus on their influence financial company. authors concentrated such aspects as: characteristics factors influencing maintenance enterprise, impact condition company, as well standard methods and tools enabling to assess improve efficiency management. Financial...

The development of a low-emission economy in Poland is dictated by the requirement to reduce GHG and other air pollutants all areas economy. greatest expectations terms quality improvement are related limiting use coal for energy production, implementing new technologies, increasing efficiency. It responsibility local governments develop appropriate strategies help achieve these goals, especially construction public transportation. article presents an analysis legal regulations field...

The goal of this article was to identify and characterize the socio-economic effects introduction “Family 500+” program in Poland. research part focused on checking implementation assumptions, which were placed "Family 500+" program. main focus study fertility, improvement is a key methods used were: data analysis method - number births children Poland, fertility rate as well synthesis, inference interpretation analyzed. On basis analysis, conclusions drawn their nature explained. This done...