Numerous collecting expeditions of Theobroma cacao L. germplasm have been undertaken in Latin-America. However, most this has not contributed to improvement because its relationship cultivated selections was poorly understood. Germplasm labeling errors impeded breeding and confounded the interpretation diversity analyses. To improve understanding origin, classification, population differentiation within species, 1241 accessions covering a large geographic sampling were genotyped with 106...

Abstract Hydrofluorocarbons, currently used as refrigerants in air-conditioning systems, are potent greenhouse gases, and their contribution to climate change is projected increase. Future use of the hydrofluorocarbons will be phased down and, thus replacement fluids must found. Here we show that only a few pure possess combination chemical, environmental, thermodynamic, safety properties necessary for refrigerant these at least slightly flammable. We search replacements by applying...

A novel liquid chromatographic system which enables high temperature ultrafast chromatography (HTUFLC) has been designed through the careful consideration of heat transfer, band broadening, and pressure drop. Studies effect linear velocity on HETP show that column efficiency at velocity, especially well-retained solutes, dramatically improves higher temperatures. At 150 °C, a flow rate 15 mL/min with 5 cm by 4.6 mm (i.d.) packed 3 μm polystyrene-coated zirconia porous particles, long chain...

There are now available a variety of tunable solvents; these have been used extensively for extractions and in materials applications. Our focus has to apply techniques chemical reactions take advantage the special properties available, primarily sustainable technology, create processes that potentially more benign advantageous. We report here our work using supercritical fluids, near-critical gas-expanded liquids couple organic with separations. In this paper, we review applications...

Vapor−liquid equilibria, molar volumes, and volume expansion for several binary mixtures of organic solvents with carbon dioxide have been determined using a visual synthetic technique at temperatures from (298 to 333) K. The vapor−liquid equilibrium saturated liquid CO2 + acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, nitromethane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, perfluorohexane, 2-propanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol were measured (298.2 333.2) VLE correlated well the Patel−Teja...

Abstract The combination of matrix acidizing experiments with visualization techniques is commonly used to elucidate the details wormhole networks formed during carbonate reservoir rock. Previous experimental studies growth have focused mainly on small linear core plugs, only a limited number radial flow published in literature. Results from these conventional provided extensive information one dimension (1-D) along some basic insights into mechanisms 2-D. However, larger-scale test systems...

trans-1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234ze(E)) is a promising alternative foam blowing agent, aerosol propellant, and refrigerant primarily because of its low global warming potential approximately 6. There are few measured thermodynamic data in the public domain. Herein, 78 vapor-pressure for temperatures between (223.1 353.1) K from two different laboratories presented, these results fitted to Wagner-type extended Antoine-type equations compared literature data. The normal boiling...

The key to sustainable technology is achieving an economic benefit for environmental improvements. tunability of benign compounds such as CO2 and water supercritical near-critical fluids offers improved performance greater flexibility separation reaction processes, leading advantages. Examples behavior are extractions separations, CO2-expanded polar liquids reactions in water. In each case the achieved through density changes or cosolvents may augment product yield, quality, rates.

Three horticultural races of avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) are known: Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. Each race has unique characteristics current commercial varieties have been selected from within the or interracial hybrids. Using 14 microsatellite loci we investigated genetic variation among 224 accessions (394 plants) maintained at National Germplasm Repository (NGR) in Miami, Fla., a set 34 clones University California South Coast Field Station (SCFS) located Irvine, Calif....

In this paper, we compare a narrow-bore column (2.1-mm i.d.) to conventional-bore (4.6 mm at elevated temperatures under conditions where thermal mismatch broadening is serious and show that columns offer significant advantages in terms of efficiency peak shape higher linear velocities. We conclude the so-called effect largely due radial retention factor gradient not viscosity gradient. The lower volumetric flow rates inherent with use narrower lead velocity heater tubing longer eluent...