This paper presents the results of a study on Polish version Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS), which was designed to measure individual differences in conspiracist thinking (Brotherton, French, & Pickering; 2013).The scale had excellent internal consistency as measured by Cronbach alpha: .93.The also test-retest stability.To check validity questionnaire, various tools were used characteristics that can be correlated with thinking.As result, it found is positively external locus...

The continued influence effect (CIE) refers to reliance on misinformation, even after it has been retracted. There are several techniques counter it, such as forewarnings or presenting alternative explanations that can replace misinformation in knowledge mental models of events. However, the existing research shows they generally do not eliminate CIE, and their protective effects appear be durable over time. In two experiments (N = 441), we aimed investigate effectiveness explanation...

The continued influence effect (CIE) refers to reliance on misinformation, even after it has been retracted. There are several techniques counter it, such as forewarnings or presenting alternative explanations that can replace misinformation in knowledge mental models of events. However, the existing research shows they generally do not eliminate CIE, and their protective effects appear be durable over time. In two experiments (N = 441), we aimed investigate effectiveness explanation...

The continued influence effect of misinformation (CIE) is a phenomenon in which certain information, although retracted and corrected, still has an impact on event reporting, reasoning, inference, decisions. main goal this paper to investigate what extent can be reduced using the procedure inoculation how it moderated by reliability corrections’ sources. results show that sources did not affect their processing when participants were inoculated. However, inoculated relied less correction...

Grażyna Guzy*a, Howard Vernonb, Romuald Polczykc & Malwina Szpitalakca Department of Physiotherapy, University School Physical Education CracowPolandb Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College TorontoCanadac Institute Psychology, Jagiellonian CracowPoland

The misinformation effect occurs when an eyewitness includes information in their account that is incongruent with the event they witnessed, and stems from being exposed to incorrect external sources. Yet little research has been undertaken on techniques could protect eyewitnesses influence of misinformation, despite dangerous consequences distorted testimony. In this article, a method enhancing self-confidence, called reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), was proven reduce five experiments....

The misinformation effect is one of the major threats for quality witness testimony. It involves including information that inconsistent with course an event, and which originates from sources other than event itself, into a witness's report event. In present article research presented aiming at reducing tendency to rely on misinformation. After viewing video clip, participants received post-event narrative describing events in film misled group included some incorrect about clip. They were...

Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony The article presents experiments exploring the memory misinformation effect. Subjects heard a recording afterwards read description it, which included, in misled group, some details inconsistent with recording; finally thay answered questions about recording. aim research was to replicate tainted truth effect, consisting poor functioning non-misled warned...

Abstract In a typical experiment on the misinformation effect, subjects first watch some event, afterwards read description of it which in experimental group includes incorrect details, and answer questions relating to original event. Typically, misled report more false details than those from control group. The main purpose presented study was compare two methods reducing namely - warning against reinforced self-affirmation. self-affirmation consists elements: participants recall their...

In this study, we aimed to determine whether reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), consisting of positive feedback about one's memory skills and reflecting on achievements, can reduce vulnerability interrogative suggestibility. We used the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS) assess two kinds suggestibility: tendency yield suggestive questions (Yield) give different answers after negative (Shift). The RSA group was administered before undergoing standard GSS2 procedure. control did not perform...

In general, it is ben eficial and adaptive to have high self-esteem; however, contingent self-esteem depending on approval not so advantageous.This article presents research a Polish version of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale (CSES), which measures self-esteem.The CSES was administered total 1,199 participants; range other instruments were also used establish validity CSES.The proved acceptable internal consistency factor analyses revealed that contains four factors: vulnerability negative...

Abstract The manuscript describes an experimental investigation of a technique that might reduce memory conformity: the reinforced self‐affirmation procedure (RSA). While previous studies have already demonstrated RSA's effectiveness in reducing other distortions (e.g., misinformation effect and interrogative suggestibility), this has not been tested context co‐witness conformity effect. To end, we utilized well‐known MORI to study under well‐controlled conditions. viewing different versions...

The misinformation effect is influenced by many mnestic and non-mnestic factors.This article concerns the role of two them: 1) state anxiety, defined as a situational experience anxiety; 2) memory distrust, understood constant tendency to negatively evaluate one's memory.Both factors are relevant in situation being witness believed have negative on magnitude effect.In present research, participants' anxiety had an immunizing against misinformation.As for no relationship was found between...

Introduction The memory conformity effect occurs when people witness a given incident and then talk to each other about it, the statement of one person affects account another with respect that incident. main objectives this experiment were (1) examine effectiveness modified version MORI-v technique in inducing (2) investigate how manner which participants discuss observed event influences magnitude effect. In general, online consists following elements: original material , is, two versions...

Abstract Misinformation encountered after witnessing an event is known to influence subsequent memory reports about this event. In most research, misleading information was introduced impersonally, for example, by means of a written description, but it now well established that delivering in social interaction effective as well. Less the relative effectiveness impersonal post‐event misinformation compared with socially presented one. The present research provides direct empirical comparison...

Interrogative suggestibility, as measured with Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales, consists of an individual's tendency to yield misleading questions (Yield) and change answers after negative feedback (Shift). This study aimed determine whether reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), a technique that aims boost self-confidence in order increase the rely on one's own memory instead external cues, can reduce interrogative suggestibility. RSA induced by means writing down greatest achievements life...

This research explores the relationships between relaxability and various aspects of suggestibility influenceability. The Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation procedure was used to induce relaxation. Tests direct suggestibility, relating susceptibility overt suggestions, indirect referring hidden influence, as well self-description questionnaires on tendency comply were used. Thayer's Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, measuring kinds activation a pre- posttest, determined...

The misinformation effect occurs when an eyewitness includes information in his or her account that is incongruent with the event he she witnessed, and stems from being exposed to incorrect external sources. This a serious threat quality of witness testimony correctness decisions reached by courts. However, few methods have been developed reduce vulnerability witnesses misinformation. article presents such method, namely, reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), which, increasing memory confidence...

The memory misinformation effect consists in the inclusion witness testimonies of information from sources other than given event. In present article, research which aims to make people resistant is presented. It based on reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), a method designed enhance participants' self-confidence and therefore them more willing rely their own memories instead external sources. RSA includes positive feedback. research, efficacy various kinds feedback was explored. results...