Phosphorus in agricultural runoff can cause accelerated lake and stream eutrophication. Where producers have applied P at rates exceeding crop uptake, soil has sometimes become the main source of runoff. We hypothesized that test (STP) correlation to dissolved reactive (DRP) bioavailable (BAP) varies, depending on extraction method. To investigate which STP method would be best for predicting DRP BAP concentration load runoff, samples were taken from 0- 2-cm depth 54 grass plots (5% slopes)...

Abstract Soils that contain high P levels can become a primary source of dissolved reactive (DRP) in runoff, and thus contribute to accelerated eutrophication surface waters. In previous study on Captina soil, several soil test (STP) methods gave results were significantly correlated DRP but distilled H 2 O NH 4 ‐oxalate the best correlations. Because might differ other soils, runoff studies conducted three additional Ultisols identify most consistent STP method for predicting levels,...

Phosphorus movement in runoff often promotes algal growth lakes. Thus, agricultural soils and management practices that enhance the potential for P must be identified. The main factors controlling are transport (runoff erosion potential) source (surface soil method, rate, timing of fertilizer animal manure applications). Implementation minimizes will reduce runoff, although total availability can increase. continued application has increased surface test contents excess levels sufficient...

Abstract Applications of aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 · 14H O), commonly referred to as alum, poultry litter have been shown decrease P runoff from lands fertilized with and inhibit NH volatilization. The objectives this study were evaluate the effects alum applications in commercial broiler houses on: (i) volatilization (inhouse), (ii) production, (iii) chemistry, (iv) following application. Two farms used for study: one had six other four. half at each farm was treated alum; controls....

Abstract A 4 × 2 factorial experiment with three replications was conducted to determine how quality of runoff from grassed areas treated poultry ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) litter is impacted by application rate and rainfall intensity for storms occurring 1 d after application. Poultry applied at 0, 218, 435, 870 kg N ha −1 plots established fescuegrass Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on a Captina silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudult). Simulated 24 h 5 10 cm until had...

Rainfall simulators have a long history of successful use in both laboratory and field investigations. Manyplotscale simulators, however, been difficult to operate transport the field, especially remote locations wherewater or electricity is unavailable. This article describes new rainfall simulator that relatively easy andtransport from while maintaining critical intensity, distribution, energy characteristics natural rainfall.The frame constructed lightweight aluminum pipe with single 50...

Abstract Aluminum sulfate [Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·14H O] applications to poultry litter can greatly reduce P concentrations in runoff from fields fertilized with litter, as well decrease NH volatilization. The objective of this study was evaluate metal plots varying rates alum‐treated and untreated (normal) litter. Alum‐treated (10% alum by weight) broadcast applied small tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Litter application were 0, 2.24, 4.49, 6.73, 8.98 Mg ha −1 (0, 1, 2, 3, tons acre )....

Abstract Field applications of poultry litter at rates to meet forage N requirements normally result in an over‐application P. Chemical amendments have the potential reduce solubility manure P through precipitation and/or adsorption reactions. This study was conducted determine effects two chemical amendments, alum (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 · 14H O) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO 7H O), on concentrations load runoff evaluate amended production. Litter broadcast applied fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)...

Abstract Ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization from poultry litter results in a buildup of atmospheric NH chicken houses, which is detrimental to both farm laborers and birds. loss the external environment because it acid rain, as well low N/P ratios litter, increase likelihood excessive P runoff into adjacent water bodies. The objectives this study were determine effect various chemical amendments on selected characteristics after 42 d. A laboratory was conducted using following amendments: Ca(OH)...

Variation in quantities such as precipitation and temperature is often assessed by detecting characterizing trends available meteorological data. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term annual mean air for state Kentucky. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied homogenized (as needed) pre-whitened series during 1950–2010. Significant detected (both positive, averaging 4.1 mm/year) only two 60 precipitation-homogenous weather stations (Calloway Carlisle counties rural...

Ammonia volatilization from poultry litter often causes high levels of atmospheric ammonia in houses, which is detrimental to both farm workers and birds. emissions houses also aggravate environmental problems, such as acid rain, result a loss fertilizer nitrogen. The objectives this study were determine the effect amendments on these nitrogen phosphorus content litter. results research indicate that alum [Al2(SO4)3·18H2O], ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O), phosphoric (H3PO4) dramatically reduce...

Environmental loading of hormones contained in poultry litter may cause or contribute to disruptions the health and reproduction animals. A runoff study was conducted evaluate hypothesis that applied pasture contributes estrogen hormone 17β-estradiol runoff. The objectives were determine effects (i) rate application, (ii) amending with alum [aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3 · 14H2O)], (iii) multiple storms on concentrations losses from fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) plots. Normal treated...

Research has shown that alum [Al(2)(SO(4))(3).14H(2)O] applications to poultry litter can greatly reduce phosphorus (P) runoff, as well decrease ammonia (NH(3)) volatilization. However, the long-term effects of fertilizing with alum-treated are unknown. The objectives this study were evaluate normal litter, and ammonium nitrate (NH(4)NO(3)) on aluminum (Al) availability in soils, Al uptake by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), yields. A was initiated April 1995. There 13 treatments...

Simulated rainfall was used to evaluate the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (VFS) varying lengths (0, 3, 6, 9, 15, and 21 m) in reducing sediment nutrient losses from plots treated with liquid swine manure at 200 kg N/ha. Mass transport ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total Kjeldahl (TKN), ortho-phosphorus (PO4-P), phosphorus (TP), suspended solids (TSS) reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) VFS. The 3 m VFS removed 65 87% incoming TKN, 71 99% NH3-N,...

Phosphorus (P) runoff from fields fertilized with swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure may contribute to eutrophication. The objective of this study was evaluate the effect aluminum sulfate (alum) and chloride applications on P small plots cropped tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). There were six treatments in study: (i) unfertilized control plots, (ii) untreated manure, (iii) alum at 215 mg Al L(-1), (iv) (v) 430 (vi) L(-1). Manure application rates equivalent approximately 125 kg N...

Pasture runoff can contribute to elevated concentrations of nutrients, solids, and bacteria in downstreamwaters. The objective this study was determine the effects vegetative filter strip (VFS) length on concentrationsand transport nitrogen, phosphorus, solids fecal coliform from plots treated with cattle manure. Threeplots dimensions 2.4 30.5 m were used. upper 12.2 each plot manure, while thelower 18.3 acted as a VFS. Runoff produced by rainfall simulators sampled at VFS lengths 0, 6.1,...

Core Ideas Estimation of K s using established PTFs for one specific field was evaluated. Selected exhibited unsatisfactory prediction at the scale. Taking macropore volume effect into account improved with PTFs. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ( ) is crucial properties assessing water and solute transport in soils. However, direct measurement time consuming arduous. Alternatively, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) have been developed to estimate indirectly through more easily measurable soil...

Tannins are plant secondary compounds that leach into soil and water. Tannin concentrations can be higher in lentic freshwater than other aquatic ecosystems, which result toxicity to organisms. While the amount of material tissue affect aqueous tannin concentrations, little is known about environmental conditions alter removal breakdown tannins freshwater, altering exposure We investigated effects soil, light, temperature on concentrations. degraded faster presence and/or sorbed wetland...

Runoff concentrations of animal manure constituents are much higher for the first runoff-producing storm after land application than subsequent storms. These also inversely related to interval between and storm. In terms runoff quality, worst situation is generally when occurs soon application. This study was conducted determine how potential first-storm quality from fescue grass plots affected by rate simulated rainfall intensity. Swine slurry used in a factorial experimental design with...

This article presents the development and field validation of University Arkansas Irrigation Scheduler, a microcomputer based program designed to assist in scheduling irrigations humid Mid-South. The has separate subroutines for stationary towable center pivot systems, surface (furrow flood) irrigation systems. is schedule system, thus, water source focal point not each individual served by source. Algorithms are incorporated into programs optimize on soil moisture considerations as well...

ABSTRACT Alum (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·14H O) additions to poultry litter result in lower ammonia (NH volatilization and phosphorus (P) runoff; however, the long‐term effects of alum on soil P behavior have been unknown. The objectives this study were evaluate litter, alum‐treated ammonium nitrate NO availability soils runoff. Two studies initiated 1995: a small plot (1.5 × 3.0 m) paired watershed (0.405 ha) study. In 13 treatments (control, four rates normal NH applied tall fescue ( Festuca...