Women's empowerment is a UN Sustainable Development Goal and focus of global health development but survey measures data on gender remain weak. Existing indicators are often disconnected from theory; stronger operationalization needed.

Globally, over one billion slum dwellers reside in informal housing and despite some progress towards improving their lives, improvements have failed to keep pace with the growing numbers of urban poor. In this review we examine what might be done about through "slum upgrading", which refers physical environment infrastructure settings implications for socioeconomic development health. Since upgrading requires massive resource investment by government non-government agencies, it is essential...

Background Understanding how urbanisation and rural-urban migration influence risk-factors for non-communicable disease (NCD) is crucial developing effective preventative strategies globally. This study compares NCD risk-factor prevalence in urban, rural migrant populations China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia South Africa. Methods Study participants were 39,436 adults within the WHO on global AGEing adult health (SAGE), surveyed 2007–2010. Risk ratios (RR) each calculated using logistic...

We examined whether racial/ethnic disparities in the United States increased over time.We analyzed data from 3 868 956 adults across Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 1999 to 2011. used random intercepts models (individuals nested states) examine and time trends asthma lifetime its current prevalence, adjusted for covariates. also investigated heterogeneity prevalence by ethnicity of major zone residence.Lifetime were higher among non-Hispanic Black populations, with highlighting...

Existing evidence on stress and asthma prevalence has disproportionately focused pregnancy postpregnancy early life stressors, largely ignoring the role of childhood adversity as a risk factor. Childhood (neglect, stressful living conditions maltreatment) may influence through mechanisms hypothalamic-pituitary axis.Data from Center for Disease Control's (CDC's) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys were used to examine cross-sectional associations adverse experiences...

Introduction:India has experienced marked sociocultural change, economic growth and industry promotion of tobacco products over the past decade. Little is known about influence these factors on socioeconomic patterning use. This study examines trends in use by status (SES) India between 2000 2012.

India's elderly population is rising at an unprecedented rate, with a majority living in rural areas. Health challenges associated ageing, changing social networks and limited public health infrastructure are issues faced by the caregivers. We examined perceptions of needs across local stakeholders urbanizing area. The qualitative study was conducted among participants Andhra Pradesh Children Parents Study (APCAPS) site Rangareddy district, Telangana. collected data using focus group...

Health risks among informal caregivers have received inadequate attention in low and middle income countries. We examined cross-sectional data from 28611 adults 18 years older Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia South Africa the WHO Study on Global AGEing Adult (SAGE) to examine gender differences caregiving wellbeing.

Abstract Background Postpartum contraception is a key tool to delay or prevent subsequent pregnancy after birth. Though prior research has demonstrated substantial dynamism in contraceptive use throughout the postpartum period, most measurement of focused on aggregate any method at single time point. We sought more thoroughly examine continuum amongst women India. Methods 2019–21 National Family and Health Survey reproductive calendar data from n = 149,518 with birth one five years survey....

India bears a significant portion of the global tobacco burden with high prevalence use. This study examines socioeconomic patterning use and identifies changing gender dynamics in light Cigarette Epidemic Model.Secondary analyses second third National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data.Data were analysed from 201 219 men 255 028 women over two survey rounds. OUTCOMES AND METHODS: Outcomes included smoking (cigarettes, bidis pipes/cigar), chewed (paan masala, gutkha others) dual use, examined...

Studies in India have identified marked variations overall tobacco use between socio-economic groups. We examined whether associations status (SES) and varied across individual Indian states by type.Cross-sectional survey of 100,855 households 24 Union Territories conducted 2009-2010. Outcome measures were household consumption type. Logistic linear regression models used to examine at the level education, income volume consumed.Overall, 52% any form product; predominant was smokeless (22%),...

Abstract Background Married adolescent girls are vulnerable to risky sexual and reproductive health outcomes. We examined the association of fertility pressure from in-laws’ early in marriage with contraceptive use ever, parity, time until first birth, couple communication about family size, among married girls. Methods Data were taken a cross-sectional survey aged 15–19 years (N = 4893) collected September 2015 July 2016 Bihar Uttar Pradesh, India. Multivariable regression assessed...

National household data suggest that more than four million women in India have experienced nonspousal rape. Fewer 1.5% of victims sexual violence report their assaults to police, though there is some indication increased rape reporting police following a very high-profile fatal gang Delhi December 2012. This study examines effects the on India, and assesses roles played by geography, media access, women's status protection factors reporting. Triangulated from Indian crime, census, bureau...

There has been increasing interest in associations between neighborhood food environments and cardiovascular risk factors. However, results from high-income countries remain inconsistent, there limited research low- middle-income countries. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the third wave follow-up Andhra Pradesh children parents study (APCAPS) (n = 5764, median age 28.8 years) south India. examined availability (vendor density per km2 within 400 m 1600 buffers households)...

Abstract Social norms related to fertility may be driving pregnancy desire, timing and contraceptive use, but measurement has lagged. We validated a 10‐item injunctive Fertility Norms Scale (FNS) examined its associations with family planning outcomes among 1021 women 1020 men in India. FNS captured expectations around pronatalism, childbearing early marriage community pressure. assessed reliability construct validity through Cronbach's alpha exploratory factor analysis (EFA) respectively,...

Low availability of women physicians in rural areas can compromise women's health care seeking, where need be greatest. We examined the associations between and maternal child service utilization India.We analyzed cross-sectional district-level data from all 256 districts 18 states, India's District-Level Household Facility Survey (2012-13) National Family Health (2015-16). Assessed measures included lady medical officers (LMOs) at Primary Centers (PHCs, which are largely serving), modern...

Despite dramatic reductions in child marriage over the past decade, more than one four girls India still marry before reaching age 18. This practice is driven by a complex interplay of social and normative beliefs values that are inadequately represented national- or even state-level analyses drivers marriage. A geographic lens was employed to assess variations prevalence across Indian districts, identify hot cold spots, quantify spatial dependence heterogeneity factors associated with...