In this paper, a selection of the results obtained on crystallization energetic materials RDX, HMX, and CL-20 will be briefly reported. Furthermore, shock sensitivity these explosives, when incorporated in so-called plastic bonded explosive (PBX), discussed more detail. One most important is direct correlation between mean density material PBX containing explosive. This implies that, similar to many other solid materials, ability control product quality also one major key factors playing...

Abstract Submicrometer‐sized RDX and HMX crystals were produced by electrospray crystallization submicrometer‐sized plasma‐assisted crystallization. Impact friction sensitivity tests ballistic impact chamber performed to determine the product sensitivity. Rather than reflecting quality of particles, we found be unreliable for submicrometer particles. The used test was not accurate enough, while in distributed among grooves porcelain plate or grains sandpaper these tests. These observations...

Abstract TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory has actively followed and contributed to the research on development of insensitive munitions (IM). One initial topics at focused improvement shape RDX crystals its relation shock sensitivity. The variation crystal been studied by crystallization from different solvents and/or post‐treatment crystals. role mean particle size sensitivity was also included in these analyses. decrease is even more pronounced when controlling internal quality In meantime...

Abstract The product quality of energetic materials is predominantly determined by the crystallization process applied to produce these materials. It has been demonstrated in past that higher solid ingredients, less sensitive a plastic bonded explosive containing becomes. application submicron or nanometric generally considered further decrease sensitiveness explosives. In order assess materials, range analytical techniques available. Recent attempts within Reduced‐sensitivity RDX Round...

Abstract Reactive mixtures based on nano aluminium and nano‐ or micron size molybdenum trioxide have been pressed. These energetic tested in the Ballistic Impact Chamber as an projectile impacting a steel plate. Al/MoO 3 ‐based reactive can be initiated by controlled mechanical stimulus. The sensitivity depends deformation velocity, pressing density, addition of fluorine containing binder particle size. Nanometric Al MoO shorter time to reaction compared corresponding with . decreases...

Summary Three batches of the commercial energetic material RDX, as received from various production locations and differing in sensitivity towards shock initiation, have been characterized with different microscopic techniques order to visualize defect content these crystals. The RDX crystals are embedded an epoxy matrix cross‐sectioned. By a treatment grinding polishing crystals, internal structure multitude can be visualized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy confocal...

CEMCAP is an international R&D project under the Horizon 2020 Programme preparing ground for large-scale implementation of CO2 capture in European cement industry. This paper concerns performance modeling membrane-assisted liquefaction as a possible retrofit application post combustion capture. For relatively large concentrations that are typical flue gas conventional kilns, it may be to by combining single membrane unit bulk separation and train which waste stream recycled mixed with feed...

Abstract An explosive composition, derived from AFX‐757, was systematically varied by using three different qualities of Class I RDX. The effect internal defect structure the RDX crystal on shock sensitivity a polymer bonded is generally accepted (Doherty and Watt, 2008). Here response to mechanical non‐shock stimulus studied an explosion‐driven deformation test as well ballistic impact chamber. No correlation between quality observed. DDT behavior (Deflagration Detonation Transition)...

Impact testing of various cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) samples has been carried out with the Ballistic Chamber (BIC). Numerical simulations have performed to guide its experimental design and explain phenomena that are observed in measured pressure evolution. The results obtained BIC compared RDX crystal quality by optical scanning electron microscopies. reactivity impact correlates this opens up possibility achieving a quantitative determination quality.

There are two main routes for amine emission. The first one is connected to volatile second route emission via aerosols. Recently, it has been observed that under certain conditions and at specific test locations significant aerosol formation can occur. To distinguish between the emission, a novel methodology developed. This based on separation of aerosols from vapour phase in controlled isothermal modus. be able do this, design probe sampling procedure should fit operational circumstances...

TiB2-based cermets are prepared by combustion synthesis followed a pressing stage in granulate medium. Products obtained characterized large remaining porosity (typically 50%). To produce dense cermets, subsequent densification step is performed after the process and when reacted material still hot. design process, numerical simulations carried out compared to experimental results. In addition, physical electrical properties of products related contact applications evaluated.

Abstract Pyrotechnic flares are used extensively, with each color relating to specific information such as landing zone, enemy location, medical evacuation, or submarine location. While all current military restricted a single illumination color, progress towards wavelength selectable signal and/or multispectral is of interest. In this effort, we use additive manufacturing, via direct ink write approach, print three unique configurations green/red light emitter compositions (GLE/RLE)....

In the production of polyethylene foams by extrusion with alkanes as a blowing agent, significant changes in dimensions extruded products are encountered. The dimensional stability foam structure closed cells is improved blending polymer small amounts low molecular weight additive. It believed that related to ratio agent air permeability. shown this article additive reduces permeability more than it does only if has migrated surface polymer. presence at been confirmed electron microscopy and...

The protection factor and pressure drop coefficient of single layers active carbon particles in chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear (CBRN) protective garments have been computed from computational fluid dynamics simulations airflow mass transport. Based on the results simulations, a closed-form analytical model has proposed for as function layer porosity, particle diameter, cross velocity. This validated against experimental data literature. It can be used to find an optimal...

In chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear protective clothing, a layer of activated carbon material in between two textile layers provides protection against hazardous gases. A cylinder cross flow, sheathed by such material, is generally used to experimentally test the garment properties. This is, however, complicated predictive models are needed. We present computational fluid dynamics model for initial phase which filter not yet saturated. The textiles modeled as chemically...

Abstract The Small Scale Gap Test is a relatively simple experimental tool to obtain measure of the shock sensitivity explosives. An evaluation this test carried out with use computer simulation. simulated pressures in water gap compare data and justify obtained energy fluence wave versus distance gap. initiating pulse can be represented by an equivalent planar effective diameter only 15 mm duration ≈1 µs. For type explosives that show some non‐ideal behavior have large critical diameter,...

Abstract In an attempt to further contribute the characterization of explosive compositions, small scale Floret tests were performed using four RDX grades, differing in product quality. A test provides a measure – by indentation copper block detonation spreading or initiability and shock wave divergence is applied particular explosives used initiation trains. Both as‐received PBXs (based on AFX‐757 composition, hard target penetrator explosive) containing these grades tested set‐up. It was...

Abstract The combustion of mixed homogeneous pyrotechnic compositions and heterogeneous charges is studied experimentally with the aim producing a selectable wavelength signal flare. charge was perceived as color by distant observer. A model for chromaticity coordinates mixtures derived that includes mass, mass‐based burn rate luminous intensity ratios constituting compositions. This can predict expected dominant composition. It also handle spacing on straight line in CIE diagram between...

Abstract The influence of an explosion‐driven deformation on the defect structure in RDX crystals embedded a polymer‐bonded explosive was investigated by means confocal scanning laser microscopy. images were compared to as‐received grades, epoxy resin. In this way it is possible qualitatively analyze changes that induced deformation. For first time, these data therefore provide experimental confirmation how shock waves mechanically interact with energetic – topic that, up now, only explored...

Fiber Optic sensors are found to be very suitable for explosion and shock wave measurements because they immune Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In the past few years, TNO has developed a number of sensor systems in which optical fiber is vital component. This paper presents survey these measurement using optics. The basic design systems, test configurations experimental results presented.