Understanding the mechanical properties of nanowires made semiconducting materials is central to their application in nano devices. This work presents an experimental and computational approach unambiguously quantify size effects on Young's modulus, E, ZnO interpret origin scaling. A micromechanical system (MEMS) based nanoscale material testing used situ a transmission electron microscope measure modulus [0001] oriented as function wire diameter. It found that E increases from ∼140 160 GPa...

Nanowires made of materials with noncentrosymmetric crystal structure are under investigation for their piezoelectric properties and suitability as building blocks next-generation self-powered nanodevices. In this work, we investigate the size dependence coefficients in nanowires two such - zinc oxide gallium nitride. Nanowires, oriented along polar axis, ranging from 0.6 to 2.4 nm diameter were modeled quantum mechanically. A giant effect is identified both GaN ZnO nanowires. However,...

An experimental and computational approach is pursued to investigate the fracture mechanism of [0001] oriented zinc oxide nanowires under uniaxial tensile loading. A MEMS-based nanoscale material testing stage used in situ a transmission electron microscope perform tests. Experiments revealed brittle along (0001) cleavage plane at strains as high 5%. The measured strengths ranged from 3.33 9.53 GPa for 25 different with diameters varying 20 512 nm. Molecular dynamic simulations, using...

We characterized the elastic properties of GaN nanowires grown along different crystallographic orientations. In situ transmission electron microscopy tensile tests were conducted using a MEMS-based nanoscale testing system. Complementary atomistic simulations performed density functional theory and molecular dynamics. Our work establishes that elasticity size dependence is limited to with diameters smaller than 20 nm. For larger diameters, modulus converges bulk values 300 GPa for c-axis...

Characterization of atomic composition and spatially resolved dopant distribution in wide band gap semiconducting nanowires is critical for their applications next-generation nanoelectronic optoelectronic devices. We have applied laser-assisted atom probe tomography to measure the undoped GaN Mg-doped nanowires. Stoichiometric evaporation individual was achieved, optimal experimental conditions characterize concentration spatial Mg:GaN nanowire samples were established. Extremely mild...

3D printing techniques offer a unique opportunity to build unconventional shapes enhance operational performance. Boehmite structures that are printed using direct ink writing (DIW) technique employed as catalytic carriers; however, their inadequate fracture resistance poses drawback. Therefore, this study aims improve the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed boehmite by reinforcing hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanosheets. Herein, DIW is reported where porosity and surface area relevant for...

Electromechanical and photonic properties of semiconducting nanowires depend on their strain states are limited by extent deformation. A fundamental understanding the mechanical response individual is therefore essential to assess system reliability define design space future nanowire-based devices. Here we perform a large-scale density functional theory (DFT) investigation failure modes in zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires. Nanowires as large 3.6 nm diameter with 864 atoms were investigated. The...

Potholes are a huge road safety concern. Using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to detect and identify potholes will save manual labour, time taxpayer money. The proposed take in images of the efficiently classify which category belongs to, i.e, Asphalt, Paved or Unpaved then respective detection models further present that image. An application built on this also be able alert pedestrians existing nearby prevent any accidents discomfort. This research shows can with an accuracy 88%...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the most powerful techniques to probe surfaces and material properties at nanoscale, pattern organic inorganic molecules. In all cases, knowledge tip geometry its evolution with continued use essential. this work, a broadly applicable energy model for scanning radii during presented based on quantitative wear experiments. Experiments were conducted using AFM probes made both undoped nitrogen-doped diamond. Undoped diamond found be nearly ten times more...

In this article we review recent advances in experimental techniques for the mechanical characterization of materials and structures at various length scales with an emphasis submicron- nanoregime. Advantages disadvantages approaches are discussed to highlight need carefully designed experiments rigorous analysis experimentally obtained data yield unambiguous findings. By examining depth a few case studies demonstrate that development robust innovative experimentation is crucial advancement...

Abstract Ionic compounds pose extra challenges with the appropriate modeling of long‐range coulombic interactions. Here, we study mechanical properties zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires using molecular dynamic simulations Buckingham potential and determine suitability Ewald ( Ann. Phys. 1921; 19) Wolf J. Chem. 1999; 110 (17):8254–8282) summation methods to account for Coulombic forces. A comparative shows that both are suitable bulk structures periodic boundary conditions imposed on all sides;...

We have built a lattice gas model for cobalt-carbon interaction to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics of carbon deposition on Co(0001) surfaces. The formation structures cobalt is considered be one causes deactivation Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalyst. graphene - most thermodynamically stable phase under FT conditions kinetically inhibited during first 30 hours exposure surface carbon, while build-up carbide fastest reaction. Our simulations clearly show that result two competing...

We report the detailed mechanism of direct nonoxidative CH 4 conversion on iron carbide clusters embedded in silica, revealing that FeC 3 sites generated situ from 2 are mainly responsible for to and H .

Direct Ink Writing In article number 2301830, Chandra Sekhar Tiwary and co-workers discuss the application of additive manufacturing to create porous boehmite structures reinforced with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). 3D printed boehmite-hBN composite are prepared via a direct ink writing technique. The addition hBN improves mechanical strength without compromising on porosity. These findings should be useful for printing R&D community trying strike right balance between porosity applications...

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a promising solution to align large language models (LLMs) more closely with values. Off-policy preference optimization, where the data obtained other models, widely adopted due its cost efficiency and scalability. However, off-policy optimization often suffers distributional gap between policy used for collection target policy, leading suboptimal optimization. In this paper, we propose novel strategy mitigate problem by simulating...

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced instruction-following capabilities. However, most Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) datasets are predominantly English, limiting model performance other languages. Traditional methods for creating multilingual IFT such as translating existing English or converting NLP into by templating, struggle to capture linguistic nuances and ensure prompt (instruction) diversity. To address this issue, we propose a novel method...

Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to security and safety threats, such as prompt injection, extraction, harmful requests. One major cause of these vulnerabilities is the lack an instruction hierarchy. Modern LLM architectures treat all inputs equally, failing distinguish between prioritize various types instructions, system messages, user prompts, data. As a result, lower-priority prompts may override more critical including protocols. Existing approaches achieving hierarchy,...