Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are commonly used together in the same households to improve malaria control despite inconsistent evidence on whether such combinations actually offer better protection than alone or IRS alone. Comparative tests were conducted using experimental huts fitted with LLINs, untreated nets, plus of LLINs IRS, an area where Anopheles arabiensis is predominant vector species. Three LLIN types, Olyset®, PermaNet 2.0® Icon Life®...

Abstract Wild mammals are often difficult to directly observe, especially in woodland and forest habitats with dense vegetation, so surveys of largely indirect signs their activities (e.g. tracks spoor) a more practical option for monitoring populations. This study compared two different approaches surveying indicators activity by range wild across gradient ecosystem integrity southern Tanzania. Surveys all such mammal detected around identifiable surface water bodies within 2 km radius 32...

Abstract The dual-specialized behavioural adaptions of Anopheles arabiensis , to feed readily upon either people or cattle, enable it thrive and mediate persistent residual malaria transmission across much Africa, despite widespread use long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Indeed, LLIN scale up has often resulted in dominating the more efficient but vulnerable vector gambiae its sibling species within a complex latter name. However, feeding behaviours competitive relationships An. with...

Mosquitoes that bite people outdoors can sustain malaria transmission even where effective indoor interventions such as bednets or residual spraying are already widely used. Outdoor tools may therefore complement current measures and improve control. We developed evaluated a prototype mosquito control device, the 'Mosquito Landing Box' (MLB), which is baited with human odours treated mosquitocidal agents. The findings used to explore technical options challenges relevant luring killing...

We assessed window screens and eave baffles (WSEBs), which enable mosquitoes to enter but not exit houses, as an alternative indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria vector control. WSEBs treated with water, the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin, or organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl, without a binding agent increasing insecticide persistence on netting, were compared IRS in experimental huts. Compared containing same insecticide, killed similar proportions of Anopheles funestus that resistant...

Abstract It is often necessary to use motorized transport move live mosquitoes from distant field collection points into a central insectary, so that their behavioural and/or physiological phenotypes can be assessed under carefully controlled conditions. However, survey of heritable insecticide susceptibility traits among wild-caught Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes, collected across an extensive study area composed largely wilderness in southern Tanzania, necessitated were carried on foot...

Quantitative surveys of wild animal abundance or activity, and assessments the integrity complex natural ecosystems they live in, are typically quite laborious meaningful analysis data obtained may require considerable time expertise. This study describes development evaluation a practical procedure for semi-quantitative consensus-based synthesis subjective impressions accumulated by small team investigators who visited 32 different locations distributed in around community-based Wildlife...

Bio-efficacy and residual activity of insecticides used for indoor spraying (IRS) long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) were assessed against laboratory-reared wild populations the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis in south eastern Tanzania. Implications findings are examined context potential synergies redundancies where IRS LLINs combined. Bioassays conducted monthly six months on three LLIN types (Olyset® PermaNet 2.0®,and Icon Life®) treatments (2 g/m2 pirimiphos-methyl, 2 DDT 0.03...

Fungal biopesticides have the potential to significantly reduce densities of malaria vectors as well associated transmission. In previous field trials, entomopathogenic fungus was delivered from within human dwellings, where its efficacy limited by low infection rates target mosquitoes, high costs spraying inside houses, and public health concerns with introducing fungal conidia houses. Here we demonstrated that Metarhizium anisopliae IP 46, an extra-domiciliary odor-baited station (OBS),...

Formal quantitative surveys of wild animal abundance or activity, and assessments the integrity complex natural ecosystems they live in, are typically quite laborious meaningful analysis data obtained may require considerable time expertise. This study describes development evaluation a practical procedure for semi-quantitative synthesis consensus subjective impressions accumulated by small team investigators who visited 32 different locations distributed in around community-based Wildlife...

ABSTRACT Understanding mosquito vector behaviour, abundance, and bionomics is crucial for effective malaria prevention. Since most parasites in humans are strict anthroponoses, preference as a blood source key determinant of transmission intensity intervention strategies. This study compares the attraction Anopheles arabiensis quadriannulatus to by assessing their relative abundance larval samples adult catches using unbaited human-baited traps. The research investigated how these sibling...

Abstract It is often necessary to use motorised transport move live mosquitoes from distant field collection points into a central insectary, so that their behavioural and/or physiological phenotypes can be assessed under carefully controlled conditions. However, survey of heritable insecticide susceptibility traits among wild‐caught Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes, collected across an extensive study area composed largely wilderness in southern Tanzania, necessitated were carried on foot...

Across most of sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes from the Anopheles gambiae complex, comprising seven morphologically indistinguishable but behaviourally-diverse sibling species with ecologically-distinct environmental niches. and An. arabiensis are mostly widely distributed major vectors within while quadriannulatus sparsely distributed. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl (PM) was conducted four times between 2011 2017 in Luangwa Valley,...

Abstract Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) represent a relatively new institutional model for devolved, locally-led conservation in Tanzania, which local villages set aside part of their land wildlife and manage that resource collectively, so stakeholder communities can collectively leverage economic social benefits from income-generating activities like tourism. This study examines the relationship between community-defined use plans de facto practices, influence latter on relative abundance...

Insecticidal mosquito-proof netting screens could combine the best features of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), two most important front line vector control interventions in Africa today, also overcome limitations these methods. This study engaged members a rural Tanzanian community developing evaluating simple, affordable scalable procedures for installing readily available screening materials on eave gaps windows their own houses, then treating those with...

Abstract In Tanzania, Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) are established on village lands, usually adjacent to centrally managed core protected areas like national parks and game reserves, in a devolved manner by local authorities. WMAs intended conserve wildlife outside such areas, while also providing opportunities for communities derive tangible benefits from other natural resources. This study evaluates the perceived effectiveness of Ifakara-Lupiro-Mang’ula (ILUMA) WMA southern Tanzania...

Abstract Background Insecticidal mosquito-proof netting screens could combine the best features of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), two most important front line vector control interventions in Africa today, also overcome limitations these methods, such as pyrethroid resistance. This study engaged members a rural Tanzanian community developing evaluating simple, affordable scalable procedures for installing readily available screening materials on eave gaps...