Chemically modified epitaxial graphene (EG) by azidotrimethylsilane (ATS) was investigated using high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES). Through the spectral analysis, we clearly confirmed that EG is thermally generated nitrene radicals and found bonding nature between covalent. As observe of N 1s peaks, two distinct peaks can be distinguished in spectra. Using a covalently bound stretched (CSG) model, elucidated adsorb on layer at different adsorption sites. Moreover, were able...

The aviation industry is adopting renewable energy sources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the strong candidates meet demand airports with a sustainable way photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper systematically assesses potential risk and generation capabilities installing PV at nine Korean airports. It was found that PV, particularly concerns about glare severity collision accident, lower than other sources. These remaining safety issues PVs can be mitigated acceptable levels by...

Graphene layers grown on 6H-SiC(0001) were irradiated with 1 MeV electron beam to functionalize its surface. A surface analysis using atomic force microscopy, the near edge X-ray adsorption fine structure spectra of C K-edge, and photoemission spectroscopy suggests that irradiation in ambient condition can induce oxidation graphene layer.

Abstract Background Abnormal intermuscular coordination limits the motor capability of stroke-affected upper limbs. By evaluating in affected limb under various biomechanical task constraints, impact a stroke on control can be analyzed and coordination-based rehabilitation strategies developed. In this study, we investigated after during isokinetic movements. Methods Sixteen chronic survivors eight neurologically intact individuals were recruited. End-point forces electromyographic...

Various assistive devices like exoskeletons have been developed to aid the growing number of disabled people. Recent studies started explore using soft rather than rigid components create lightweight and unobtrusive systems that can be more easily adopted by general population. However, there is a tradeoff between compliance power in these systems. We investigated physiological benefits an inconspicuous, passive device which would avoid bulkiness, heaviness user discomfort. chose assist...

This research analyzed the effect of bilateral hinged knee braces on a healthy from biomechanical frame in vivo. was accomplished by fitting brace with two customized wireless force/torque (F/T) sensors that could readily record force and torque during live motion, while kinetics at were computed using inverse dynamics motion capture plate data. Four tasks to test brace's effects drop vertical jumping, pivoting, stop cutting. The results showed hinges can absorb up 18% 2.7% various athletic...

Low-temperature processed printed silver electrodes pave the way for electrical connections in flexible substrates with reduced energy consumption. Despite their excellent performance and simple process, electrodes' poor stability limits applications. This study demonstrates a transparent protective layer without thermal annealing electrodes, which maintains its properties long period of time. A fluoropolymer, specifically cyclic optical polymer (CYTOP), was used as silver. The CYTOP is room...

The adsorption of thiophene on Ge(100) has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), high-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Until now, is known to react with the dimer through a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction at room temperature, similar case Si(100). However, we found that two geometries such as kinetically favorable Ge-S dative bonding configuration thermodynamically stable adduct. Moreover, our STM...

The adsorption and decomposition of AlCl3 on Ge(100) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) high-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy (HRCLPES). Through the analysis STM image Ge 3d Cl 2p spectra Ge(100), we found that an molecule reacts with two atoms via a cycloaddition reaction, which forms Cl−Ge AlCl2−Ge without breaking AlCl3. Additionally, by considering valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) arguments, effect molecular structure surface chemistry...

The adsorption configurations of S-proline on Ge(100) were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES). We identified three structures through analysis the STM images, DFT HRPES results: (i) an "intrarow O−H dissociated N dative bonded structure", (ii) "O−H dissociation (iii) "N structure". Moreover, because atom creates a new chiral center due to symmetry reduction produced by bonding...

Motor disabilities limiting the mobility of limbs affect quality lives people with neural injuries. Among various types motor disabilities, abnormal intermuscular coordination is commonly observed from severe impairment. The concept muscle synergy, defined as characteristic co-activation patterns activated to produce complex behavior, has been applied assess alteration in pathological populations. This study presents development a robotic system named KAIST upper limb synergy investigation...

We have studied the adsorption and decomposition of thiophene (C4H4S) on Ge(100) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), high-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES), density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Analysis S 2p spectra reveals three geometries, which we assign to a Ge-S dative bonding state, [4 + 2] cycloaddition decomposed state (desulfurization reaction product). Furthermore, found that number ratio geometries depended molecular coverage annealing...

This paper introduces a passive shoulder joint tracking device for upper limb rehabilitation robots and performance evaluation of the device. The Gleno-humeral (GH) translates in three-dimensional space as arm moves. However, commercial lack accommodating translation GH joint. few which can support were too heavy, expensive, complex to use because bulky mechanisms including additional actuators. proposed three DOF consists one vertical with gravity compensation two DOFs horizontal tracking....

This study investigated the impact of stroke on control upper limb endpoint force during isokinetic exercise, a dynamic force-generating task, and its association with stroke-affected muscle synergies. Three-dimensional electromyography shoulder elbow muscles were collected from sixteen chronic survivors eight neurologically intact adults. Participants instructed to direction three-dimensional movements. The performance was quantitatively evaluated in terms coupling between forces orthogonal...

The electronic structures and bonding configuration of histidine on Ge(100) have been investigated with various sample treatments using core-level photoemission spectroscopy (CLPES). Interpretation the Ge 3d, C 1s, N O 1s core level spectra being included in these systems revealed that both imino nitrogen imidazole ring carboxyl group glycine moiety concurrently participate adsorption a surface at 380 K. Moreover, we could clearly confirm free lone pair adsorbs more strongly than by...

The synthesis and structural analysis of two novel families three-component reversible redox cycles [(C(2)B(9)H(11))M(mu-SPh)(2)](2)(n)PPN(n) (M = Mo, n 2-, 2; 1-, 3; 0, 4; M W, 6; 7; 8), where the cleavage re-formation carborane cage C-C bond is observed during reaction, are reported. Electronic saturation metal center (18e center) lack bulky substituents on suggest that deformed cages in 2.PPN(2), 6.PPN(2), 7.PPN invoke a new kind ("semicloso" framework). XPS results show unprecedented...

We investigated the adsorption and decomposition of thiophene (C4H4S) on Ge(100) using high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy. found that Ge 3d C 1s core-level spectra revealed three geometries, which we assigned to a weakly bound state (i.e., Ge–S dative bonding state), [4+2] cycloaddition state, decomposed (a desulfurization reaction product) as functions molecular coverage annealing temperature. In this study, systematically elucidated changes occurring in states species adsorbed substrate.

The adsorption structures of threonine on the Ge(100) surface were investigated using core-level photoemission spectroscopy (CLPES) in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. CLPES measurements performed to identify experimentally preferred structure. structure indicated relative reactivities carboxyl and hydroxymethyl groups as electron donors during adsorption. C 1s, N O 1s spectra that oxygen competed more strongly reaction. Three among six possible identified...

The most stable adsorption structures and their corresponding energies of 4-pyridone, 4-hydroxypyridine, 2-pyridone 2-hydroxypyridine have been investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy (HRPES). We confirmed that between the two reaction centers 4- 2-pyridone, only O atom carbonyl functional group can act as a Lewis base while both (tautomers 2-pyridone) successfully function base. On other hand, owing to molecular structures,...

The most stable adsorption structures and energies of four tautomers 3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (keto-1, enol-1, keto-2, enol-2) on Ge(100) surfaces were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. enol-2 tautomers, but not the keto-1 tautomer, found to exhibit Ge(100)-<TEX>$2{\times}1$</TEX> surface. Of these three structures, that is stable.

Abnormal intermuscular coordination in stroke-affected upper limbs contributes to motor deficits after stroke. In particular, abnormalities the activation of limb muscle synergies stroke were demonstrated for endpoint force control during isokinetic exercises. This study aimed investigate feasibility training alter these abnormal synergy activations and improve control. Muscle Wolf Motor Function Test Functional Ability Scale (WMFT-FAS) score compared before three weeks...