The effectiveness of Sanhuang Shu'ai decoction (SSD), a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat diarrhea and colitis, especially ulcerative colitis (UC), is not well understood regarding how its chemical components work.

Porous 430L stainless steel disks made by tape casting with various pore-former sizes and volume fractions were evaluated as substrates for solid oxide cell (SOC) fabrication plasma spraying. This work reports the substrate properties relevant to SOC operation of using extra fine metal powder dense sintering minimize porosity between particles. In contrast, coarse is introduced pore former. We found that 60 μm former at a 45 vol% fraction has best application fit; it gives an adequate gas...

Ti-Nb alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy. Their microstructures are detected the XRD diffraction and observed using an optical microscope. The mechanical properties tested a dynamic analysis (DMA) Q800 from TA Instruments in single cantilever mode 100 KN MTS testing machine with control software. It has been found that sintered possess stable α β phases amount phase increases increasing Nb content. water quenched Ti-35.4Nb alloy contains ,, M . as-sintered higher yield stress storage...

The recent development of study on H13 hot-work die steel is reported in this paper. Microstructures and mechanical properties their changes with some factors are briefly introduced. included melting, heat treatment, surface so on.

Abstract Low‐frequency internal friction investigation of reverse martensitic transformation in oil‐quenched Ni 64 Al 36 alloy has been carried out using a multifunctional apparatus from room temperature to 400 °C and additionally differential scanning calorimetry X‐ray diffraction experiments were also completed. It shown that an peak presents at about 220 the friction–temperature curve during heating for but not furnace‐cooled alloy. The still appears cooling shifts lower temperature....

The relaxation processes correlated to atomic defects were investigated by the internal friction method using a multifunctional apparatus for Ti–Mo alloys. microstructures of alloys with different Mo content and heat treatments observed an optic microscopy scanning electronic microscopy. Their phase constitutions detected X-ray diffraction (XRD). β increases α decreases in volume increasing furnace-cooled Similarly, βM when is increased. two relaxational peaks, named as P1 low temperature...

This paper presents an in-depth examination of the evolution and interplay cognitive expressive capabilities in large language models (LLMs), with a specific focus on Baichuan-7B Baichuan-33B, advanced bilingual (Chinese English) LLM series. We define explore model's through linear representations across three critical phases: Pretraining, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). Cognitive capability is defined as quantity quality information conveyed...

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preference has recently gained tremendous attention, the canonical yet costly RLHF-PPO and simple straightforward Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) as two examples. Despite efficiency, DPO rarely be used in state-of-the-art production-level LLMs, implying its potential pathologies. In this work, we revisit a comprehensive examination of empirical efficacy systematic comparison RLHF-PPO. We identify \textbf{3D}-properties DPO's learning...

Logical reasoning is a crucial task for Large Language Models (LLMs), enabling them to tackle complex problems. Among tasks, multi-step poses particular challenge. Grounded in the theory of formal logic, we have developed an automated method, Multi-step Deduction (MuseD), deductive data. MuseD has allowed us create training and testing datasets reasoning. Our generation method enables control over complexity generated instructions, facilitating evaluation models across different difficulty...

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to progress toward more advanced forms of intelligence, Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is increasingly seen as a key pathway achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). However, the reliance on reward-model-based (RM-based) alignment methods introduces significant challenges due inherent instability and imperfections Reward (RMs), which can lead critical issues such reward hacking misalignment with human intentions. In this...

Reward models (RM) play a critical role in aligning generations of large language (LLM) to human expectations. However, prevailing RMs fail capture the stochasticity within preferences and cannot effectively evaluate reliability reward predictions. To address these issues, we propose Uncertain-aware RM (URM) Ensemble (URME) incorporate manage uncertainty modeling. URM can model distribution disentangled attributes preferences, while URME quantifies through discrepancies ensemble, thereby...

The phase constitutions of Ti–35·4Nb and Ti–35·4Nb–0·05C (wt-%) alloys with different heat treatments were detected using X-ray diffraction experiments. Compressive properties tested a 100 kN MTS testing machine for the two alloys. It was shown that phases as sintered consist α β phases. As alloy contains less more compared alloy. quenched are composed α″ βM has lower elastic modulus yield stress than alloy, which is resulted in Ti–Nb those identical compositions since both have to

The binary Ni-rich Ni64Al36 (nominal compositions, all compositions are in atomic percent unless otherwise stated,) alloy and ternary Ni-21.2 Al-20 Fe ingot were prepared by melting commercial pure Ni Al a vacuum arc furnace under an argon atmosphere. ingots then hot rolled into rectangle with the length of 55 mm. microstructures Ni-Al-based alloys investigated using optical microscope X-ray diffraction. damping capacity oil-quenched from different temperature is multifunctional internal...

The β-Ti alloys exhibit excellent shape memory effect and superelastic properties. interstitial atoms in the have important on their physical mechanical For atoms, internal friction technique can be used to detect distributions status alloys. anelastic relaxation is discussed this paper. possesses bcc (body center body) structure. oxygen (O) difficult removed. O located at octahedral sites will produce under cycle stress. In addition, interaction between substitute e.g., Nb-O,Ti-O also...

The internal friction of Ti-35.4Nb-0.05C (wt.%) was investigated using a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) Q800 from TA Instruments. It has been shown that relaxational peak is observed in the water-quenched Ti-35.4-Nb-0.05C alloy on tanδ-temperature curve. activation energy and pre-exponential factor are H q =1.82±0.1 eV τ 0q =1.7×10 -19±1 s, respectively. value little larger than Ti-35.4-Nb alloy. height decreased compared with

Abstract The low frequency damping capacity of a strained Fe–31.36Mn–3.15Si (wt.%) alloy has been investigated using multifunctional internal friction apparatus (MFIFA) through the free decay and forced vibration method. high source is proposed to have originated from irreversible movements ε/γ boundaries, being amplitude‐dependent damping. An peak appears on friction–temperature curves at about 280 o C during heating room temperature 400 height drastically reduced subsequent in situ...

The principles and apparatus of measuring low frequency internal friction are described in this paper. have been evidently improved automation functions since the Ke , s pendulum was invented 1947. degree is elevated increased/ strengthened. resolution increased. accuracy strain also enhanced. scope parameters such as temperature, strain, so on enlarged.

The formation and characteristics of atomic defects in Fe-Al alloys their influences on order-disorder vacancy-hardening are investigated discussed this paper.

The order↔disorder transition in Fe71Al29 alloy has been investigated using internal friction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. It shown that the disordered can be ordered by either furnace-cooling or ageing at 350oC. also when it is heated. Ordering reaction corresponds to B2→DO3 transition. Initial disordering resulted from DO3→B2 about 435oC for present aged alloy.

The internal friction of a cold-rolled Fe-Mn-Si alloy has been investigated using multifunctional apparatus though forced vibration method from room temperature to 950 °C. It shown that an peak is found on the IF-T curves during first heating at around 640 °C for alloy. confirmed be crystallizing amorphous. amorphous resulted cold-rolling

The features of grain boundary relaxation a (wt.%)Fe-25Cr-5Al alloy have been investigated using multifunction internal friction apparatus. peak appears at about 630oC on the friction-temperature curves for alloy. temperature shifts toward high with increasing frequency. In terms Arrihenius relation, activation energy is calculated to be 4.07(±0.15)eV and pre-exponential factor 6.2×10 -24±1 s. Grain strength remarkably decreases size. When size reaches 520μm, almost disappears.

Binary Fe-Al alloy ingots with 29 at. %Al were prepared commercially pure Fe and Al in a vacuum induction furnace. The specimens used the internal friction measurement cut using an electric sparkle machine from into dimension 68×1.7×0.9 mm3. heat treatment was performed such regimes as heating temperature 900°C holding time 1 hour argon atmosphere followed by furnace cooling or air cooling. air-cooled samples then aged at 350°C for different to achieve degree of disorder. fiction-temperature...