Distributed within the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei (LDT PPT), cholinergic neurons in pontomesencephalic tegmentum have long been thought to play a critical role stimulating cortical activation during waking (W) paradoxical sleep (PS, also called REM sleep), yet promoting PS with muscle atonia. However, discharge profile thus precise roles of remained uncertain because they lie intermingled GABAergic glutamatergic neurons, which might assume these roles. By applying...

Severe influenza is characterized by cytokine storm and multiorgan failure with edema. The aim of this study was to define the impact on pathogenesis vascular hyperpermeability in severe influenza.Weanling mice were infected A WSN/33(H1N1) virus. levels proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1beta, trypsin analyzed lung, brain, heart, cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. effects transcriptional inhibitors expressions viral replication...

Acetylcholine (ACh) neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum (PMT) are thought to play an important role promoting cortical activation with waking (W) and paradoxical sleep [PS; or rapid eye movement (REM)], but have yet be proven do so by selective stimulation simultaneous recording of identified ACh neurons. Here, we employed optogenetics combined juxtacellular labeling transgenic (TG) mice expressing ChR2 choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-synthesizing We established vitro then vivo...

Cortical injury may lead to clinical seizures. We investigated the changing patterns of sleeplike slow oscillation and its tendency develop into paroxysmal activity consisting spike-wave (SW) complexes at 2-4 Hz after partial deafferentation suprasylvian gyrus. Experiments were carried out in anesthetized cats, different time intervals (wk 1 wk 5, W1-W5) cortical undercut. Multisite field potentials single or dual intracellular recordings from whole extent deafferented gyrus used. The...

We investigated the dependency of electrical seizures produced by cortical undercut upon behavioral states vigilance in chronically implanted cats. Experiments were performed 1–12 weeks after white matter transection. Multisite field potentials and intracellular activity recorded from suprasylvian marginal gyri. Paroxysmal developed within days consisted spike-wave complexes at 3–4 Hz occurring during waking state (correlated with eye movements), being enhanced slow-wave sleep (SWS) blocked...

Deaths due to neonatal calf diarrhea are still one of the most critical problems cattle breeding worldwide. Determining parameters that can predict diarrhea-related deaths in calves is especially important terms prognosis and treatment strategies for disease.

Intracellular recordings from association cortical areas 5 and 7 were performed in cats under barbiturate or ketamine-xylazine anesthesia to investigate the activities of different classes neurons involved callosal pathways, which electrophysiologically characterized by depolarizing current steps. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), inhibitory (IPSPs), and/or antidromic responses elicited stimulating homotopic sites contralateral areas. Differential features EPSPs related latencies,...

Neocortical neurons maintain high firing rates across all behavioral states of vigilance but the discharge patterns vary during different types brain oscillations, which are assumed to play an important role in information processing and memory consolidation. In present study, we report that trains stimuli applied local neocortical networks cats, at frequencies mimic endogenous rhythms, produced depression or potentiation postsynaptic potentials, lasted for several minutes. This form...

Severe influenza is characterized clinicopathologically by multiple organ failure, although the relationship amongst virus and host factors that influence this morbid outcome underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. The present study identified marked upregulation matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in various organs after intranasal infection A WSN virus. MMP-9 TNF-α were upregulated lung, site initial infection, as well...

The corpus callosum plays a major role in synchronizing neocortical activities the two hemispheres. We investigated changes callosally elicited excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of neurons from cortical association areas 5 and 7 cats under barbiturate or ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Single pulses to callosal pathway evoked control EPSPs; pulse-trains were subsequently applied at different frequencies homotopic sites contralateral cortex, as conditioning stimulation; thereafter,...

The cholinergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum have been shown to discharge association with and promote cortical activation during active or attentive waking paradoxical rapid eye movement sleep. However, GABA lie intermingled may contribute oppose this activity role. Here we investigated <i>in vitro</i> vivo</i> properties, activities, role of within laterodorsal tegmental sublaterodorsal nuclei (LDT/SubLDT) using male female transgenic mice expressing...

Summary To study the possible mechanism(s) underlying unresponsiveness following neocortical seizures, we recorded excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of cortical neurons evoked by ipsilateral stimulation before and after spontaneous or elicited seizures. Regular‐spiking (n = 32) were intracellularly in association area five cats under ketamine–xylazine barbiturate anesthesia. Compared with control responses, cortically EPSPs characterized decreased amplitude electrographic Synaptic...

Biological oscillatory activity in neural networks has been intensively studied over the past years. Neuronal oscillations are basis of many different behavioral patterns and sensory mechanism. Understanding dynamic properties these mechanisms is useful for analyses biological functions medical diagnoses. The characteristics wake‐sleep circadian rhythms ECG’s cardiac cycle data measured normal subjects identified here, using MA‐BP network model. It was found that dynamics regular components...

The dynamics of some biological signal sources may be identified through measured data. regulating characteristics the wake-sleep circadian rhythm is here as an example by using BP neural networks. As a result, MA model networks can acquire characteristics. change period almost controlled suppressively data preceding three days. evaluated internal representation network. This method useful for medical diagnoses.

Homeostatic dynamics of wake-sleep circadian rhythm has been identified by BP neural networks through the fluctuation measured data. The are considered to have acquired a regular component which also includes random component. A method is proposed here evaluate both components from data and applied analysis represented networks.

Environmental stimulation, e.g., sound, light and temperature, may produce biological signal sources in the brain, which show autonomous activities without stimuli. The properties of source are identified by using BP neural networks. Auditory a circadian as an example from measured data. This method be very useful for analyzing brain functions medical diagnoses.