A torque-driven, 3D computer simulation model of an arm–racquet system was used to investigate the effects ball impact location and grip tightness on arm, racquet during one-handed tennis backhand groundstrokes. The stringbed represented by nine point masses connected each other frame with elastic springs three torsional spring-dampers between hand were represent tightness. For perturbation locations tightness, simulations run for a 50 ms period starting ball–racquet impact. Simulations...

Impact injuries are a common occurrence in sport such that personal protective equipment (PPE) is often mandatory to ensure participant safety. Current tests assess PPE effectiveness use unrepresentative human surrogates, insufficient accurately impact response. More refined surrogates typically "off the shelf" silicone elastomers better represent tissue, however using single simulant material for all soft tissues means some phenomena associated with injury not adequately represented. This...

Assessment of the 'performance' sports equipment is generally derived from physical and technical parameters, such as power, speed, distance accuracy. However, a psychological perspective, players need to feel comfortable with their confident in its properties. These factors can only be measured through subjective assessment individual perceptions. Focusing on group elite golfers, this study presents formalized approach for eliciting structuring players' descriptions perception equipment....

A torque-driven, subject-specific 3-D computer simulation model of the impact phase one-handed tennis backhand strokes was evaluated by comparing performance and results. Backhand an elite subject were recorded on artificial court. Over 50-ms period after impact, good agreement found with overall RMS difference 3.3° between matching in terms joint racket angles. Consistent previous experimental research, evaluation process showed that grip tightness ball location are important factors affect...

Synthetic impact surrogates are widely used in the sporting goods industry evaluation of personal protective equipment. Existing surrogates, exemplified by those safety standards, have many shortcomings, primarily relating to their mass, stiffness, geometries and levels constraint which limit biofidelity subsequent usefulness equipment evaluations. In sports, absence from competition is a primary severity measure for injuries; consequently, blunt trauma injuries, such as contusions...

Background In contact sports (eg, American football or rugby), injuries resulting from impacts are widespread. There have been several attempts to identify and collate, within a conceptual framework, factors influencing the likelihood of an injury. To effectively define injury event it is necessary systematically consider all potential causal but none previous approaches complete in this respect. Aims First, develop superior deterministic contextual sequential (DCS) model promote logical...

Comfort has been shown to be the most desired football boot feature by players. Previous studies have discomfort related increased plantar pressures for running shoes which, in some foot regions, suggested a causative factor overuse injuries. This study examined correlation between subjective comfort data and objective pressure boots during football-specific drills. Eight male university players were tested. Plantar collected four movements each of three different boots. The global local...

How the racket properties impact performance of badminton smash is relatively unknown, and further insight could help players/coaches select most appropriate racket. Three-dimensional position data shuttlecock were collected (500 Hz) for 20 experienced players performing a series forehand smashes with five swingweight ([Formula: see text]) perturbed rackets, ranging from 85-106 kg·cm2. [Formula: text] was calculated using balance board simple pendulum method, modal analysis performed laser...

A subject-specific angle-driven computer model of a tennis player, combined with forward dynamics, equipment-specific ball–racket impacts, was developed to determine the effect impacts on loading at elbow for one-handed backhand groundstrokes. Matching simulations typical topspin/slice groundstroke performed by an elite player were done root mean square differences between performance and matching < 0.5°over 50 ms period starting from ball impact. Simulation results suggest that similar...

Football boots are marketed with emphasis on a single key performance characteristic (e.g. speed). Little is known how design parameters impact players' performance. This study investigated the of boot maintenance and perceived foot comfort during 90-minute match simulation drill. Eleven male university football players tested two commercially available "sprint boots" to generate significantly different plantar pressures (high=Boot H low=Boot L) . Players completed modified Soccer-specific...

The aim of this study was to measure the level agreement four portable football velocity and spin rate measurement systems (Jugs speed radar gun, 2-D high-speed video, TrackMan adidas miCoach football) against a Vicon motion analysis system. One skilled male university player performed 70 shots covering wide range ball velocities (12–30 m s −1 ) rates (94–743 r/min). A Bland–Altman used assess agreement. For velocity, video had smallest systematic error, followed by at 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 4.8 ,...

Despite significant advances in materials and manufacturing techniques applied to sports protective equipment recent years, injuries due impact, contusions particular, continue occur. In this paper, a test methodology aimed at collecting data from laboratory-simulated human-on-human impacts Basketball is presented. The study was executed three stages with being collected from: i) human on instrumented bag; ii) impactor bag iii) impacts. all cases, high-speed video and/or kinematic motion...

Properties of the human neck such as range and resistance to motion are considered important determinants kinematic response head pre, during post-impact. Mechanical surrogate necks (i.e., anthropomorphic test device necks), have generally been limited a single anatomical plane an artificially high motion. The aim this study was present Loughborough University Surrogate Neck that is representative 50th percentile male neck, developed for in between each planes with inertial flexural...

Abstract Many products having free form of sculptured surfaces are designed by traditional methods crafting prototypes. This requires skill. Analysis these often reveals that they have an established general and around a number dominant features. A feature-based design system is proposed based on extended blends provides designers with considerable flexibility for feature replacement manipulation. The implications this approach the rapid production prototypes both appreciation...

The aims of this study were to examine the effect shaft flexibility on performance junior golfers and determine whether there is a relationship between golfers' physical characteristics (16 anthropometric measures, age, experience, strength), flexibility. We assessed 30 male golfers, aged 7-10 years, with three 7-iron golf clubs different at driving range. parameters measured for equipment evaluation ball distance achieved, shot dispersion impact position clubface. results suggest that no...