Pure cultures of the marine ammonium-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas sp. were grown in laboratory at oxygen partial pressures between 0.005 and 0.2 atm (0.18 to 7 mg/liter). Low conditions induced a marked decrease rate for production NO 2 - , from 3.6 × 10 −10 0.5 mmol per cell day. In contrast, evolution N O increased 1 −12 4.3 The yield relative 0.3% nearly 10% (moles mole ) as level was reduced, although bacterial growth rates changed by less than 30%. Nitrifying bacteria genera...

The ongoing policy debate about the value of communications technology in promoting development objectives is diverse. Some view computer/web/phone as insufficient to solve problems while others assisting all sections population. This paper looks at evidence support or refute idea that fixed and mobile telephones is, could be, an effective healthcare intervention developing countries. A Web-based library database search was undertaken including following databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, (nursing...

Emissions of nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide were measured at diverse locations in tropical forests Brazil, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, using a static open chamber technique. Mean fluxes to the atmosphere 1.7 × 10 , −0.7 1.5 14 molecules cm −2 s −1 for N 2 O, CH 4 CO respectively. The data indicate that contribute significant fraction global source atmospheric about 40% current possibly 75% preindustrial source. Methane is consumed by soils on average, but sink an insignificant part...

Soils in an Amazonian rainforest are observed to release N 2 O at a rate larger than the global mean by about factor of 20. Emissions from New England hardwood forest approximately 30 times smaller Brazilian values. Atmospheric methane is consumed soils both systems. Tropical forests would provide major source atmospheric if results representative.

Rates for emission of NO and deposition O 3 were measured at a tropical forest site in Reserve Adolfo Ducke, near Manaus, Brazil. Two independent techniques used to determine the flux: (1) soil enclosure method (2) based on simultaneous observations vertical profiles night, when is irreversibly removed by reaction with . Results obtained using two agreed well, giving an average flux 5.2±1.7×10 10 molecules cm −2 s −1 exchange coefficient 2.2×10 Sources from soils may be important global...

The rate of denitrification measured throughout the year in various habitats a New England salt marsh was correlated to temperature and highest wettest habitats. Over 60% took place muddy creek bottoms. Annual exceeds nitrogen fixation. An amount nitrate similar quantity consumed by denitrifiers is supplied flow groundwater into nitrifiers within itself.

The cycle of atmospheric CO 2 in the Amazon Basin was studied using measured vertical profiles concentrations canopy and aloft direct measurements emissions from soils. results provide detailed information on daily exchanges air between tropical forest (0–30 m) boundary layer (30–2000 m). a net source at night sink during day. High (380–400 ppm) accumulated were transported into nascent mixed morning. Between 1000 1200 LT, declined to 4–6 ppm lower than free tropospheric values remained low...

To estimate the impact of global strategies, such as pooled procurement arrangements, third-party price negotiation and differential pricing, on reducing antiretrovirals (ARVs), which currently hinders universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment.We estimated strategies reduce ARV prices using data 7253 transactions (July 2002-October 2007) from databases hosted by WHO Global Fund Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis Malaria.For 19 24 dosage forms, we detected no association between volume purchased. For...

Undisturbed oxisols in a central Amazon tropical forest were fertilized with ammonium, nitrate, or phosphate. Enhanced emissions of N 2 O observed for all treatments within 1 day fertilization, the response NO 3 − ≫NH 4 + ≫PO 3− . Approximately, 0.5% applied was converted to weeks after application, less than 0.1% NH O. These experiments reveal potentially large source from microbial reduction clay soils Amazonia.

Measurements of dissolved O 2 , N O, NH 4 + NO − and 3 are used to study the biogeochemistry nitrogen in Potomac River near Washington, D.C. The nutrient budget is dominated by sewage inputs from treatment plants at Blue Plains Alexandria. taken July September 1977 indicate large supersaturated concentrations exhibit significant short‐period variations over distances >40 km. Concentrations appear be inversely correlated there indications that may produced primarily sediment‐water...

Background to the debate: Pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers argue that current patent system is crucial for stimulating research development (R&D), leading new products improve care. The financial return on their investments afforded by protection, they claim, an incentive toward innovation reinvestment into further R&D. But this view has been challenged in recent years. Many commentators patents are stifling biomedical research, example preventing researchers from accessing...

The transformations of inorganic nitrogenous nutrients that can lead to the frequently observed high levels nitrite in Chesapeake Bay and York River were investigated by a combination 15 N tracer techniques assays concentrations chemical constituents (NH 4 + , NO 2 ‒ 3 O O, CH ). During destratification, uptake remineralization NH followed diel cycle, but nitrification was not as closely coupled light regime. distributions suggest primary source both produced during nitrification, water...

This observational study investigates the private sector, retail pharmaceutical market of 19 low and middle income countries (LMICs) in Latin America, Asia Middle East/South Africa analyzing relationships between volume share generic originator medicines over a time series from 2001 to 2011. Over 5000 individual substances were divided into (unbranded generic, branded medicines) categories for each country, including United States as comparator. In 9 selected LMICs, those with largest...

It has been over 20 years since Taiwan's implementation of its National Health Insurance (NHI) program. Under this program, the health insurance coverage rate reached approximately 99% population. Despite guaranteeing residents Taiwan equal access regardless socioeconomic status and background, critical problems controversies persist, they continue to challenge NHI. We analyze primary issues facing NHI program with emphasis on financial consumer behavioral aspects. Furthermore, we apply...

Background Not all new drug products are truly new. Some the result of marginal innovation and incremental patenting existing products, but in such a way that confers no major therapeutic improvement. This phenomenon, pejoratively known as "evergreening", can allow manufacturers to preserve market exclusivity, without significantly bettering standard care. Other studies speculate evergreening is especially problematic for medicine/device combination because patents on device component may...

To assess the effect of policies supporting local medicine production to improve access medicines. We adapted WHO/HAI instruments measuring medicines availability and prices differentiate from imported products, then pilot tested in Ethiopia Tanzania. In each outlet, were recorded for all products stock on a country-specific list. Government procurement also collected. Prices compared an international reference expressed as median price ratios (MPR). The Ethiopian government paid more...