The recent determination of complete chloroplast (cp) genomic sequences various plant species has enabled numerous comparative analyses as well advances in and genome evolutionary studies. In angiosperms, the cp about 70 have been determined, whereas those only three gymnosperm species, Cycas taitungensis, Pinus thunbergii, koraiensis established. lack information regarding gene content structure genomes may severely hamper further progress To address this need, we report here nucleotide...

Both the heat generated by current in write coil and rise surrounding temperature cause local thermal protrusion (TPR) on magnetic-head elements. Such reduces flying height of head slider below design value, thus reducing safety margin for head-disk interference. To analyze this problem, we numerically simulated transfer slider, deformation head, flying-height change resulting from deformation. The parameter study shows that decreasing thickness alumina base coat or increasing size pole...

EPF1-EPF2 and EPFL9/Stomagen act antagonistically in regulating leaf stomatal density. The aim of this study was to elucidate the evolutionary functional divergence EPF/EPFL family genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that AtEPFL9/Stomagen-like genes are conserved only vascular plants closely related AtEPF1/EPF2-like Modeling peptides share a common 3D structure is constituted scaffold loop. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested form an additional disulfide bond their loop regions show...

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) is an important tree for forestry. Male-sterile marker development in would facilitate selection of male-sterile plus trees, addressing the widespread social problem pollinosis and facilitating identification heterozygotes, which are useful breeding. This study used next-generation sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphism discovery libraries constructed from several organs, including male-fertile strobili. The polymorphisms obtained were to construct a...

This study was conducted to determine the impact of diesel exhaust inhalation on fetus. Seventy-two pregnant rats and 18 nonpregnant were divided into three groups: a group exposed total engine containing 5.63 mg/m(3) particulate matter, 4.10 ppm nitrogen dioxide, 8.10 oxide; filtered without matter; clean air. The exposure period from day 7 until 20 pregnancy. In addition, 15 treated with aromatase inhibitors or testosterone clarify process by which exerts its toxicity. anogenital distance...

Protrusion of the recording element during write process due to Joule heating and eddy-current losses adds a significant constraint in reducing flying height sliders found magnetic devices. Variation drive temperature also similar system. One method overcoming these challenges is control relative position transducer with respect disk surface by thermally region, concept outlined U.S. patent. In this paper, we experimentally show that thermal actuation patent can indeed be employed spacing.

Breeding of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) started with the selection first generation plus-trees in 1950s Japan. The initial aim breeding program was to improve growth performance, and has been extended tolerance adverse meteorological conditions, amelioration wood properties, mitigation pollinosis, adaptation climate change. These changes have arisen response shifts social demands from timber production management diverse forest functions over time. Currently, focus C. japonica is focusing on...

To achieve ultra-low flying height, magnetic spacing variations due to manufacturing tolerances and temperature-induced thermal protrusion need be reduced. We have developed a flying-height control (TFC) slider that carries micro-thermal actuator. Previous TFC sliders were mainly statically controlled by constant power supply. Our purpose is demonstrate dynamic of compensate for high-speed signal modulation using feed-forward methods. In this report, dynamically TFC, two methods examined....

Environmental responses are critical for plant growth and survival under different climate conditions. To elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms of environmental in Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), annual transcriptome dynamics common clonal trees (Godai1) planted at three sites (Yamagata, Ibaraki, Kumamoto Prefectures) were analyzed using microarrays. Both principal component analysis (PCA) hierarchical clustering microarray data indicated transition to dormant status...

To attain ultra-low flying height, we have developed a thermal flying-height control (TFC) slider that contains micro-thermal actuator. Using the device, magnetic spacing of these sliders can be controlled in situ during operation drive. A previous prototype had shown insufficient characteristics when evaluated at component level. The purpose this research is to develop an improved TFC and verify its drive-level feasibility. After designing analytically by simulation heat transfer...

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted on more than 30,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in unrelated first-generation plus tree genotypes from three populations of Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don with genomic prediction for traits growth, wood properties and male fecundity. Among the assessed populations, genetic characteristics including extent linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure differed these differences are considered to be due background. Through...

The molecular mechanisms that control male strobilus development in conifers are largely unknown because the developmental stages and related genes have not yet been characterized. determination of will contribute to genetic research reproductive biology conifers. Our objectives this study were determine strobili by cytological transcriptome analysis, at which aberrant morphology is observed a male-sterile mutant Cryptomeria japonica D. Don better understand pollen development. Male was for...

Seasonal phenomena in plants are primarily affected by day length and temperature. The shoot transcriptomes of trees grown the field a controlled-environment chamber were compared to characterize genes that control annual rhythms effects length- temperature-regulated gymnosperm Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), which exhibits seasonally indeterminate growth. Annual transcriptome dynamics clearly demonstrated principal component analysis using microarray data obtained under...

To achieve ultra-low flying height, we have developed a thermal flying-height control (TFC) slider that carries micro-thermal actuator. Using the actuator, magnetic spacing of these sliders can be controlled in-situ while drive is operating. The previous component-level prototype had insufficient actuator characteristics. Therefore, purpose this research to improve characteristics and verify drive-level feasibility TFC technology.

Wogon-Sugi has been reported as a cytoplasmically inherited virescent mutant selected from horticultural variety of Cryptomeria japonica. Although previous studies plastid structure and inheritance indicated that at least some mutations are encoded by the chloroplast genome, causative gene responsible for primary chlorophyll deficiency in Wogon-Sugi, not identified. In this study, we identified genomic sequencing DNA genetic analysis. Chloroplast 16 wild-type plants showed 19-bp insertional...

The current design of magnetic disk head sliders needs two extra margins in flying height design: one for manufacturing tolerance and environmental variations. To reduce these margins, we have developed an adjustable slider. This slider carries a piezoelectric microactuator its can be controlled. After simulating the deflection characteristics, designed air-bearing surface fabricated it by silicon microelectromechanical systems processing. Several fabrication problems previously reported...

In order to provide basic information on genetic improvement potential in Cryptomeria japonica (sugi), we estimated parameters, direct and indirect gains optimum selection ages for growth traits based the data obtained from 429 progeny test sites located throughout Japan. Medians of narrow-sense heritabilites height diameter at breast (DBH) were ranged 0.289–0.445 0.235–0.276, respectively. The heritability significantly increased after age 15 years. On other hand, there no significant...

This paper describes design and fabrication of active head sliders using PZT thin films for in situ flying-height control. Silicon with piezoelectric unimorph cantilevers were fabricated monolithically micromachining process. The deflection 70 nm was obtained at the tip 0.6-mm-long cantilever a drive voltage 4 V. Furthermore, an air-bearing surface that makes it possible to reduce aerodynamic lift force under is discussed.

The current design of magnetic-disk head sliders needs an extra margin flying height for manufacturing tolerance or environmental variation. To reduce this margin, we have developed active-head sliders. These carry unimorph piezoelectric microactuator, and their can be controlled. After simulating the deflection actuator characteristics air-bearing surfaces, designed two types (five-pad type four-pad type) fabricated them by silicon microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processing. In tests,...

Two of many parameters that need to be controlled in designing magnetic recording sliders with the desired flying height are manufacturing tolerances and environmental variations. To reduce effect these two parameters, we have developed an adjustable flying-height slider. This slider carries a piezoelectric microactuator control height. After simulating deflection its on characteristics, designed air-bearing fabricated using silicon micro-electromechanical systems processing. Optical...

To develop a more efficient genetic transformation system for Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), the present study evaluated effects of culture support during co-cultivation and use β-lactam antibiotics (meropenem carbenicillin) to eliminate Agrobacterium on efficiency. The embryogenic tissues bacterium filter paper wicks prevented excess growth compared with that observed solid medium, leading an increased number gene-transferred cells. Meropenem successfully eliminated at low...