The measurement indicator system of carbon lock-in was constructed from four dimensions: fixed investment, technique, institution and social behavior; the projection pursuit evaluation model based on Real-coded Accelerating Genetic Algorithm, (RAGA-PP model) established. In this study, China's level measured analyzed relevant data 2003 to 2016. application contributes solving problems such as subjectivity weight estimation premature convergence. results indicate that, in addition increasing...

Under the background of China’s proposal to achieve “carbon neutralization and carbon peak”, it is an important task for each province clarify their forest ecological security (FES) status. However, there little understanding temporal spatial evolution its influencing factors. Based on Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model, this paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation index system used CRITIC method panel data estimate dynamic changes in FES 31 provinces China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao,...

We consider a simple Stackelberg model with demand uncertainty only for the first mover in order to compare advantages of leadership and flexibility, use an example provide some discussion about endogenous moves presence uncertainty. find that when realized is intermediate zone does preserve its advantage; far from expected value, second obtains higher profit than leading firm, as advantage dominated by benefit flexibility fluctuation significant. Even this risk losing under significant...

Journal Article Incomplete Contracts with Asymmetric Information: Exclusive Versus Optional Remedies Get access Ronen Avraham, Avraham Northwestern University School of Law Send correspondence to: Law, 357 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611; E-mail: r-avraham@law.northwestern.edu. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Zhiyong Liu Robinson College Business, Georgia State American and Economics Review, Volume 8, Issue 3, Fall 2006, Pages 523–561,...

This paper proposes a multi-agent evolutionary game model that can be used to study sustainable ecotourism development in national parks, with focus placed on coordinating the interests of multiple stakeholders. Based limited rationality hypothesis, this explores impact strategic choice evolution and change key factors stability system parks. To achieve this, tripartite involving “local government–tourism enterprises–tourists” is constructed. The applied Wuyishan National Park as case study,...

Assessing the spatial and quantitative evaluation of water conservation within regional ecosystems holds vital significance for effective resource management, allocation optimization, enhanced ecological protection. In this study, we focus on Yunnan Province as our research subject utilize land use data spanning from 2000 to 2018. The InVEST model serves a key tool evaluating Province’s capacity over past two decades. Furthermore, employ Geographical detectors ArcGIS 10.2 delve into...

Results of surveys in the last ten years have produced more information on wintering Scaly-sided Merganser (Mergus squamatus), showing that species is dispersed widely mainland China, with majority flocks birds along lower branch Yangtze River.

In this paper, we study contracts with two-sided incomplete information. Prior literature on contract remedies does not formally account for the nonbreaching party's option to sue damages upon breach, when her expected payoff from suing is negative, given contractual terms and private information about post-breach loss. With incorporated into analysis, show that: First, courts should commit awarding fixed damages, because flexible based ex post will distort incentives breach. This result...

To study the applicability of Porter hypothesis to Chinese manufacturing enterprises from a property rights perspective, we match financial data all A-share companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges China 2008 2016 with marketization index compiled by Wang et al. (2017), test empirical relationship between environmental regulation corporate performance using fixed effect model. We find that: First, per se is not supported China’s sector, often lowers enterprises’ performance....

Existing literature about the impact of farmland titling on transfer takes no account plot characteristics, which makes them unable to effectively identify causal relationship between and transfer. After theoretical analysis, based land level micro-survey data, we adopt instrumental variable (IV) conditional mixed process (CMP) methods ease endogeneity problem in model conduct a quantitative analysis. The results show that program has significant positive effects transfer-out farmland....

China has been the world’s largest producer and consumer of paper products. In context “carbon peaking carbon neutrality goals”, China’s papermaking industry which is traditionally a high energy-consuming high-emissions industry, desperately needs nationally appropriate low-carbon development path. From consumption-side perspective, this calculates CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2019 by using emission nuclear algorithm, grain-straw ratio, first-order attenuation method, STIRFDT decomposition...

This study analyzed the collaborative problem solving (CPS) behavioral transition patterns of 53,859 Taiwanese students in science at age 15 by using an online CPS assessment that was designed according to Programme for International Student Assessment 2015 framework. Because changes over testing period, target skills corresponded items can be viewed as a sequence. Hence, lag sequential analysis applied explore significance interactions among skills. The sequence is coded level mastery (0,...

In this paper we study contracts with two-sided incomplete information. Prior literature on contract remedies does not formally account for the non-breaching party’s option to sue damages upon breach, when her expected payoff from suing is negative, given contractual terms and private information about post breach loss. With incorporated into analysis, show that: First, courts should commit awarding fixed damages, because flexible based ex will distort incentives breach. This result driven...