Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide, which finally leads to development hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic characterized by several histological features in the liver discriminate it from other forms hepatitis: bile duct damage, lymphoid follicles and steatosis (fatty change). Little known, however, about role HCV or its viral proteins pathogenesis hepatitis. Recently, core protein has been suggested have transcriptional regulatory function, thereby be...

The highest efficiency of 24.4% for the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion was obtained in an outdoor field test by combining concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules with InGaP/GaAs/Ge three-junction cells and polymer-electrolyte electrochemical (EC) cells. high using high-efficiency CPV (∼31% under present operation conditions) direct connection between EC almost optimized number elements series. STH bottleneck clarified to be modules, over-potential cells, matching point...

Four types of GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with V-pits formed in different regions were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The position the embedded layers LED structures was controlled varying growth temperature. We achieved highest output power and lowest leakage current values comprising active p-GaN textured surface. V-pit formation enhances light reverse voltage 1.3 times conventional owing to enhancement scattering probability effective filtering threading dislocations.

We report a theoretical study on iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH). The FeOOH surface is expected to act as an efficient electrochemical catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), because it based iron, element of fourth highest Clarke number. Experimentally, OER activity β-FeOOH known be higher than that γ-FeOOH. However, details mechanism and reactivities polymorphs have not yet been fully understood. performed first-principles calculations bulk surfaces γ-FeOOH using density functional...

Abstract We investigated the time variation of photocurrent in GaN during photoelectrochemical reaction without bias. The showed a “w”‐shape behaviour. surface morphology and photoluminescence spectra after with different treatment times were also evaluated order to clarify variation. roughened chemically changed caused (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Dendritic cells (DCs) in chronic hepatitis C patients display impaired function, although the details remain unclear. To investigate virus (HCV) protein that has most impact on DC we compared five recombinant proteins and seven HCV genes modulating phenotype function. Immature DCs (iDCs) were established from healthy donor peripheral blood monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) IL-4. Lipopolysaccharide was used to establish mature (mDCs). Cells then pulsed...

Abstract We investigated photoelectrochemical reactions affected by light intensity and applied bias using GaN. Time variations of the photocurrent changed with photo‐illuminated bias. The application time variation much, under +0.2 V vs counterelectrode for n‐type GaN is good continuous reaction. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Abstract Photoelectrochemical properties and stabilities of n‐type GaN dependent on the carrier concentration electrolytes were investigated. Flatband potential obtained from Mott‐Schottky plot shifted to positive direction with lowering concentration. The surface morphologies after reaction H 2 SO 4 changed rough. In contrast, not much mirror like for case NaOH electrolytes. These results show absorbed materials during photoelectrochemical reactions by electrolyte (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag...

The effects of annealing with H2 and N2 on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties annealed Nb-doped TiO2 (ann-TNO) film were investigated. photocurrent density ann-TNO was 2 to 3 orders magnitude higher than that u-TiO2 film. To understand this phenomenon, investigated by comparing (TNO) films. An investigation conducted using Hall effect estimation, photoluminescence (PL) analysis, band-gap calculation.

The n-type GaN photoelectrode is suitable for hydrogen generation from water because it can split without bias. However, the has anodic corrosion problem caused by etching of GaN. This be resolved NiO loading on reported method surface was carried out coating diluted metal organic decomposition (MOD) and high-temperature annealing. Since no methods using Ni(OH)2 dispersed solution low-temperature annealing have been reported, in this study, we attempted solution. Experimental results...

Abstract Nitride semiconductors are expected for the working electrodes of photoelectrochemical water splitting due to chemical stability and band‐gap configuration. The p‐type nitrides stable under conditions but efficiency light hydrogen energy is low. n‐type have relatively high energy‐conversion especially quantum efficiency, reaction not because anodic photocorrosion. In this article, relationships between characteristics GaN photocurrent discussed. amount Si doping was clarified relate...

Abstract Photoelectrochemical water splitting using semiconductors to produce hydrogen is a promising technique for converting sunlight chemical energy. However, anodic photocorrosion occurs during the reaction even when n‐type GaN, chemically stable material, used photo‐illuminated working electrode. We previously demonstrated that stability related amount of Si doping make GaN be n‐type. This means that, surface damage after photoelectrochemical depends on Si. have now investigated...

The band alignment at the interface between an electrolyte and n-GaN photoanode was investigated by observing open-circuit potential (OCP) of GaN as a function irradiated Xe-lamp intensity. OCP drifted to negative values almost linearly with respect logarithm light intensity, similarly behavior voltage in solar cells. For smaller intensity than 10-2 mW/cm2, value less dependent on it sensitive both surface treatment damage which introduced intentionally prior photoelectrochemical analysis...

Global warming caused by anthropogenic activity is one of the serious problems today. In order to suppress global warming, shift from fossil fuel–based energy source nature-oriented sustainable encouraged. this concept paper, possible biomimetic engineering approach inspired efficient and natural utilization in living plants demonstrated. The focal features include (1) light-harvesting condensing apparatus, (2) water splitting O2 evolving (3) storage energy-related chemicals, (4) reversal...

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is crucial for developing a sustainable closed-carbon-cycle society; however, the factors determining product selectivity have not been fully established, especially when reaction carried out over metal cathodes. The of pathway can be improved by modifying cathode's catalyst surface. This achieved using specific surface single crystal or alloying through addition an impurity. In this study, products electrochemical were evaluated in aqueous KHCO3 system at...

Abstract The surface changes of n‐type GaN during photoelectrochemical treatment were investigated by not only electrochemical measurement but also photoluminescence (PL). electrolytes used H 2 SO 4 , Na and NaOH with without C 5 OH in order to clarify the reaction difference. intensity oscillations deep PL peaks decreased increasing roughness. D 0 X peak shift strain release roughened observed. treated using with/without oxidized caused new related defects. All surfaces observed much less...

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a solar-to-chemical energy conversion technique. However, when n-type nonoxide semiconductors are used as photoanodes, they corrode, which competitive reaction with oxidation. To evaluate these competing reactions, the optical properties (photoluminescence) of GaN were examined and compared results photoelectrochemical analysis. The intermediate hole trap state associated yellow luminescence was found to be candidate for carrier transfer site electrode...

Electric power converted from renewable energy is a common way to use. However, the user-on-demand supply of electric cannot be guaranteed because sources fluctuate depending on natural conditions. To solve this problem, an system required control in response demand. For purpose, not only relatively large amount stored, but also rapid fluctuation necessary. The method usually complicated requires multiple storage devices satisfy purpose. We proposed simple system. In study, method, that is,...