Experimental evidence from animal models has provided a framework for our current understanding of autoimmune disease pathogenesis and supports the importance genetic predisposition, molecular mimicry, immune dysregulation. However, only recently emerged to support role dysregulation in human organ-specific disease. In study "late" manifestation thyroid (AITD) cohort immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we discuss how factors...

Changes in the phenotype and function of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-specific CD4+ CD8+ T-cell subsets response to stage infection may allow discrimination between active latent infection.A prospective comparison M. tuberculosis-specific cellular immunity subjects with infection, without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Polychromatic flow cytometry was used measure subset secretion interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor α...

Abstract The lactulose/mannitol dual sugar absorption test is a non-invasive of intestinal permeability. Its widespread use has been limited by the difficulties analysis for carbohydrates in urine at low concentrations. We describe "high-pressure" liquid-chromatographic method determining lactulose and mannitol urine, which anion-exchange chromatography pulsed amperometric detection are used. Sample preparation simple fast, internal standards arabinose cellobiose well resolved within 15 min....

1. Small-intestine integrity in Caucasian and African patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus was determined by measuring the permeation across mucosa of two sugars, lactulose mannitol. 2. The sugars were assayed h.p.l.c. pulsed amperometric detection 6 h urine samples. Stool microscopy for enteropathogens performed all patients. 3. ratio to mannitol recovered increased advanced infection. Asymptomatic human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected subjects had a normal lactulose/mannitol...

To analyse the structural and kinetic response of small intestinal crypt epithelial cells including stem to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Crypt size proliferative activity transit in jejunal mucosa were quantified using morphometric techniques.Crypt length was measured by counting number enterocytes along one side a crypts each biopsy specimen mean calculated. Proliferating identified with MIB-1 monoclonal antibody, percentage proliferation calculated at cell position...

HIV co-infection is an important risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) providing a powerful model in which to dissect out defective, protective and dysfunctional Mycobacterium (MTB)-specific immune responses. To identify the changes induced by we compared MTB-specific CD4+ responses subjects with active TB latent infection (LTBI), without co-infection. T-cell subsets producing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expressing CD279 (PD-1) were...

The study aim was to analyse the kinetics of stem and transit cells in crypts jejunal mucosa infected with HIV Microsporidia.The size villi, depth proliferative activity were measured using morphometric techniques.The surface area/volume ratio (S/V) biopsies estimated under light microscopy a Weibel graticule. Crypt length by counting enterocytes along crypt side from base villus junction, mean calculated. S/V lengths 21 Microsporidia-infected test cases compared 14 control cases. labelling...

Aims —To compare jejunal mucosal morphometry in HIV infected patients resident London and Uganda. Patients —Twenty positive from 16 Uganda were studied, compared with negative control subjects both sites. Methods —Stools biopsy specimens examined for enteropathogens. Surface area to volume (S:V) ratio was estimated morphometrically, mean crypt length of measured, cells detected immunohistochemically quantified. Results —Enteric pathogens none the patients, three Ugandan patients. S:V lower,...

Objective To directly infect human fetal intestine with HIV in vitro. Design Human intestinal explant cultures were exposed to HIV-1 and monitored for evidence of infection by biochemical assay, immunohistochemistry situ hybridization. Methods explants (14–21 weeks) established culture HIV-1. Tissue fluid was assayed p24 antigen reverse transcriptase activity over a 14-day period. Explants removed from on days 4, 7, 10 14 postinoculation subjected (1) detect gp160/41 antigens, (2)...

Dendritic cells (DCs) may be an initial target of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during heterosexual transmission. An analysis DCs in the intraepithelial layer endocervix female genital tract from healthy women showed that ~20% expressed CD1a, and 30% cutaneous leukocyte antigen (CLA). Langerin, a molecule associated with Langerhans DCs, was on CD1a-positive -negative CLA-positive cells. CCR5 CXCR4 were detected cervical DCs. These findings suggest are potential targets for...

Exocrine pancreatic function and fat absorption were determined using a 'tubeless' test in 25 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody positive subjects (23 males, two females), CDC criteria groups II (four), III (one), IV (20). In 12 was poor but only three of these the results indicative insufficiency all this mild. nine cases compatible with small intestinal malabsorption. Mild, not severe, exocrine may occur acquired immune deficiency syndrome; however malabsorption is more commonly...

Combined oral contraceptives may alter the microenvironment of female genital tract and, thus, influence susceptibility endocervical cells to HIV-1 transmission. The mechanism for this effect is unknown but might involve combined contraceptive up-regulation chemokine receptors on CD4+ cells. We measured co-receptor (CCR5 and CXCR4) expression cervical intraepithelial T lymphocytes, macrophages dendritic using flow cytometry in 32 healthy women, 16 whom were users non-users. All women tested...

HIV is the most important risk factor for progression of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active (TB). Detection and treatment LTBI necessary reduce increasing burden TB in UK, but a unified screening approach has not been adopted.To compare effectiveness risk-focused HIV-positive population against current UK National Institute Health Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance.Prospective cohort study.Two urban centres London, UK.114 HIV-infected individuals with defined factors were...

Objectives To investigate both small and large intestinal permeability in HIV-positive subjects, correlate variation mucosal abnormality with immunological nutritional markers of HIV disease. Methods Small studies were performed 14 HIV-seropositive patients eight healthy men. Eight out the had diarrhoea all subjects negative for enteropathogens. was determined using lactulose-mannitol test colonic absorption 51Cr-EDTA. In addition, CD4 cell count, β2-microglobulin, C-reactive protein...