Nowadays, machine learning (ML), which is one of the most rapidly growing technical tools, extensively used to solve critical challenges in various domains. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) expected be key role player reducing road casualties and traffic congestion. To ensure this role, a gigantic amount data should exchanged. However, current allocated wireless access for VANET inadequate handle such massive amounts. Therefore, faces spectrum scarcity issue. Cognitive radio (CR) promising...

Using a few-layer black phosphorus (BP) thin film that acts as saturable absorber (SA) in an ytterbium-doped fiber laser setup, we experimentally demonstrated passively dual-wavelength Q-switching operation. The setup also incorporated D-shaped polished wavelength selective filter. As the SA was used ring cavity, Q-switch produced consistent outputs at 1038.68 and 1042.05 nm. A maximum pulse energy of 2.09 nJ with shortest width 1.16 µs measured for achieved pulses. In addition, repetition...

Trust is a concept that lies amidst the rhetoric of empowering users by using blockchain. Bitcoin’s eminence hyped as “trust-free,” poignantly made trust an indispensable central element associated with complexities and uncertainties online transactions abound in use development blockchain – leaving many unacquainted its use. Studies focus on assessing trustworthiness trustees various characteristics are scarce. By mapping constitute basis formation from viewpoint trustor, this study...

One significant aspect of 5G networks involves expanding radio access into the millimeter-wave spectrum. However, demand for higher throughput from emerging services necessitates utilisation Terahertz (THz) This transition introduces interdisciplinary challenges to wireless communication stacks, influencing network modelling and deployment, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) playing a key role. The THz spectrum Federated Learning (FL) represent new concepts gaining traction in 6G paradigm as...

A hot spot problem is a where cluster nodes near to the base station (BS) tend drain their energy much faster than other due need perform more communication. Unequal clustering methods such as unequal routing (UDCH) and energy-efficient fuzzy logic for (EEFUC) have been proposed address this problem. However, these only concentrate on utilizing residual distance of sensor station, while limited attention given enhancing data transmission process. Therefore, paper proposes an scheme based...

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) emerges to ameliorate road accident, traffic congestion, and infotainment. Cognitive radio (CR) is integrated with VANET (termed as CR-VANET) deal the spectrum scarcity problems. For better data transmission, routing very important in a highly dynamic CR-VANET environment. Routing has several challenges due vehicles' high-speed movements channel accessibility issues. This paper proposes 2-Hop algorithm based on Multi-Objective Harris Hawks Optimization...

A relative humidity (RH) sensor is proposed and demonstrated using a micro-knot resonator (MKR) enhanced with layer graphene oxide (GO) coating. The MKR fabricated by means of tapering standard fiber, the GO coating added drop-cast method. tested for an RH range between 0% 80% at 20% intervals, configurations without achieve sensitivities 0.0104 nm/% 0.0095 nm/%, respectively. configuration has linear response correlation coefficient 0.9098 resolution 0.1%, while 0.9548 0.096% which better....

In this report, we investigate the effects of Ag/TiO2 integrated in side polished optical fiber. Several layers Ag thickness has been deposited on glass substrates using electron beam (e-beam) evaporation technique order to determinate influence silver with combination TiO2 final properties sensor. thicknesses NPs were sets 5 nm, 7 12 and 16 nm. Another layer metal oxide, specifically titanium oxide (TiO2) is introduced, covering study effect oxides toward performance device. The morphology...

A vehicle ad hoc network (VANET) is a solution for road safety, congestion management, and infotainment services. Integration of cognitive radio (CR), known as CR-VANET, needed to solve the spectrum scarcity problems VANET. Several research efforts have addressed concerns CR-VANET. However, more reliable, robust, faster sensing still challenge. novel segment-based CR-VANET (Seg-CR-VANET) architecture therefore proposed in this paper. Roads are divided equally into segments, they...

Summary Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has been established to mitigate road collisions and traffic congestion provide infotainment facilities users. Allocated channels VANET, which is the DSRC (Dedicated Short‐Range Communication), are not adequate for full implementation of VANET. Cognitive radio (CR) can be used alleviate this issue. CR a programmable intelligent system capable reaching various frequency ranges. needs conduct spectrum sensing get these bands. A vehicle fitted with sense...

In this study, the sensitivity and linearity of un-coated TiO 2 -coated microfiber knot resonator (MKR) have been analyzed.The MKR is very sensitive to humidity changes since its refractive index strongly dependent.As a result, shifts occur in resonance wavelength there are also output power.The showed 1.3 pm/%RH, terms wavelength, 0.0626 dB/%RH for transmitted increased greatly after deposition porous nanoparticle coating on MKR.The an improved 2.5 with respect 0.0836 power.This sensor has...

Telecom operators are aiming to provide high-grade data, multimedia applications and low latency videos for smart devices. As today's mobile data is experiencing rapid growth the usage of devices fabricating unparalleled challenges telecom meet global bandwidth requirement. From first generation fourth generation, technology evolution predominantly governed by hardware side but now it moving towards concept cognitive network management, resource orchestration machine learning-based...

Motivation. Standardization in smart city applications is restricted by the competitive pressures of proprietary innovation and technological compartmentalization. Interoperability across networks, databases, APIs essential to achieving objectives technology-supported urban environments. Methodology. The issues that cities face, as well usage blockchain Internet Things (IoT) applications, are discussed this research paper. Problem Statement. study shows obstacles establishment an IoT-driven...

In this work, we demonstrate a simple Q-switched pulsed ring ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on few-layer TI:Bi2Se3 saturable absorber (SA). Few-layer bismuth selenide within suspension was induced onto ferrule at room temperature via an optical deposition method, resulting in SA for the laser. Stable lasing achieved low pump threshold of 122.2 mW 974 nm. The pulse repetition rate ranged from 18.97 to 45.41 kHz, and narrowest width maximum energy were 13.1 μs 5.88 nJ respectively. Results...

In this paper, an optical waveguide polarizer based on molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) coating is proposed and demonstrated. By applying drop-casting method, MoSe2 coated onto polymer waveguide. The extinction ratio recorded at wavelength of 980 nm, 1310 1480 nm 1550 nm. highest obtained through experiment 14.0 dB, in the region, with thickness length 24 µm 1.2 mm, respectively. This work demonstrates a polarizing effect SU-8

This work describes the polarization study in optical micro ring resonator systems. The use of polymeric materials for structures recently has gained major interests due to many advantages such as enabling a rapid and straightforward fabrication process. Here we report demonstration an resonators comprised polymer material, namely SU-8. We have shown effects polarizations induced by waveguide on spectral frequency response experimentally with respect changes states ellipticity azimuth...

In this paper, stable dual-wavelength generation using a strain technique for ytterbium-doped fiber laser is successfully demonstrated. A microfiber-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer inserted into the ring cavity and stretched xyz translation stage. Four sets of output lasing are obtained when applied onto microfiber. The possesses spacing between 7.12 11.59 nm, with displacement from 2 to 190 μm central wavelength. side-mode suppression ratio ∼48 dBm, while maximum power fluctuation...

One of the key challenges for routing protocols in wireless multi-hop networks is to deal with link failures, and repair routes these situations. In Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, can either be repaired by re-establishing a new route from scratch starting source node (Source Repair), or they locally that detects break along end-to-end path (Local Repair). some situations Source Repair will lead better performance, other Local more appropriate choice. this work, we explore...

In this paper, we have successfully demonstrated a stable dual, triple and quad-wavelength generation of ytterbium-doped fiber by incorporating non-adiabatic microfiber interferometer (N-MI) into the laser ring cavity. Three sets dual-wavelength, two triple-wavelength one set with same wavelength spacing 4.24 nm for all multiwavelengths over range 1035 to 1050 are obtained means nonlinear polarization rotation mechanism. The side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is ~53 dBm while fluctuation...

This paper describes a demonstration of passively dual-wavelength Q-switched ytterbium-doped fiber laser using selenium bismuth-based saturable absorber. By utilizing short-length photonic crystal in ring cavity and performing adjustments to the polarization state an incorporated controller (PC), we obtained stable output at 1037.14 1037.69 nm, with maximum pulse energy 0.65 nJ, shortest width 8.46 μs, repetition rate from 15.37 59.24 kHz. The consistently achieved high-power stability 0.8...

This paper demonstrates the use of a tapered fibre in generating highly stable and tunable dual-wavelength laser. By unique arrangement polarization controller, adjustable spacing range between 0.94 3.32 nm side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) up to 50 dB were recorded. The results achieved at laser pump power 94.7 mW. inter-modal interference is through non-adiabatic fibre, made by systematic flame brushing technique. suppresses competition 3-m erbium-doped (EDF) gain medium. Over 60 min,...

A blockchain-based smart contract is a computer script, stored in the blockchain network and enforced automatically based on predetermined terms, decentralised verification as well fully accessible real-time records to all users. Smart innovation, with high level of transparency lower risk operational errors, offers novel approach for more effectively implementing Shariah contracts Islamic financial institutions. However, immutable principle, which disallows amendment or deletion code...