This paper analyzes the reliability of large scale battery storage systems consisting multiple modules. The whole system assessment is based on evaluation components including individual modules and power electronic converters. In order to evaluate a module, model state health cells introduced. cell calculated capacity fade using weighted Ampere-hour throughput method. A universal generating function-based method then introduced module. dc/ac converters also presented in this paper. analysis...

Practical application of 3D magnetotelluric inversion requires efficient forward modeling electromagnetic (EM) fields in the earth. To resolve realistic structures, large computational domains and extremely linear systems equations are required. The iterative solvers, which almost exclusively used to solve these systems, can be inefficient due abundant null space curl-curl operator. Multigrid (MG) solvers considered a potentially technique for solving such problems. However, solution...

For large-scale magnetotelluric (MT) forward modeling using vector finite-element methods, iterative solvers are commonly applied. However, as frequency decreases close to zero, the solution process struggles converge. This is mainly caused by fact that weak conductivity term in curl-curl equation governing electromagnetic (EM) diffusion earth fades during for EM fields. can lead violation of divergence-free condition current and false jumps calculated We develop a regularization technique...

Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV) infection induces serious immunosuppression and intestinal injury in ducklings with a high morbidity mortality, Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) pretreatment could efficiently protect from MDRV infection, although the underlying immunoregulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, objective of this study was to investigate effects APS on mucosal immunity MDRV-infected ducklings. A total 190 1-day-old healthy were randomly assigned 3 groups (n = 50): normal control...

SUMMARY Since electromagnetic (EM) fields diffuse more smoothly to greater depth, it physically makes sense apply fine discretization model structure at near surface with an increasingly coarser grid both in horizontal and vertical directions as the depth increases for numerical solution of EM fields. For finite-difference magnetotelluric (MT) forward modelling on regular staggered grids, this can lead difficulties discretizing curl–curl equation governing diffusion earth regions, where...

Directly reduced iron is an imperative burden for EAF (electric arc furnace) to make good quality and special steel. As alternative of direct reduction processes, innovative coal-based composite binder magnetite pellets in grate-rotary kiln has been developed at Central South University put into operation. A study the behaviors was carried out a simulating process this paper. Preheated made concentrate fired oxide containing bentonite as were directly using non-coking coal reductant tube...

This study considers the performance impacts of false data injection attacks on cascading failures a power cyber-physical system, and identifies vulnerable nodes. First, considering monitoring control functions cyber network flow characteristics network, system model is established. Then, influences attack decision-making processes communication are studied, failure analysis process proposed for cyber-attack environment. In addition, vulnerability evaluation index defined from two...

Multigrid (MG) solvers, typically increasing the computational time linearly with grid size, are suitable for large-scale forward modeling problems. However, electromagnetic (EM) problems as frequency decreases and is increasingly stretched, MG solvers EM can converge slowly or even diverge. We propose an efficient four-color Line Gauss-Seidel (GS) finite difference (FD) frequency-domain solution. In this algorithm, edge components attached to nodes on each line in one particular direction...

A compact high-efficiency and high-power class-F microwave rectifier for the frequency of 2.45 GHz is described in this letter. The proposed rectifying circuit mainly consists a high reverse breakdown voltage Schottky diode power conversion, novel harmonic termination circuit, resulting simpler more structure. has been optimized with aid simulation software, manufactured prototype exhibits measured microwave-to-dc conversion efficiency larger than 80% an input level 31 dBm, good agreement results.

Krylov subspace solvers for frequency-domain electromagnetic forward modeling problems converge remarkably more slowly as the period increases. In this article, we present an efficient four-color cellblock Gauss Seidel (GS) preconditioner finite-difference (FD) in geophysical applications. Rather than updating FD (EM) equation edge by edge, a traditional GS scheme, renew six components attached to one node simultaneously (i.e., manner) effectively enforcing local divergence free condition...

Large scale three-dimensional (3D) natural source electromagnetic (EM) inversion requires efficient forward modelling because the necessitates expensive iterations. The multigrid (MG) solvers are considered a potentially techniques for large 3D modeling of EM fields due to their linear dependence computational time on grid size. Memory also scales linearly with size making MG very memory friendly and thus computationally when compared direct which N2 N4/3 (N is degree freedom) in memory. We...

The mechanical and thermal stability of retained austenite in the cold-rolled medium-Mn (Fe-0.1C-5Mn) steel were studied by tensile deformation at different temperature. volume fractions retianed microstructure starting deformed materials analyzed X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) back scattered diffraction (EBSD). It was found that fraction gradually decreased with strain increasing during deformation. showed high austenite, which resulted good comprehensive properties...

Six natural mineral sorbents and a series of self-made were used to remove alkali-metal vapor from high-temperature coal gas. Results indicate that the sorbent GM6 is best with highest sodium compound content, under conditions 1173 K, gas velocity 16 L/min, reaction time 3 h, NaCl concentration 0.13 mg/L. It shown content dependent on chemical constituents microporous structure sorbent, based surface area data. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis kinetics adsorption process physical in an N2...

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the tribological behavior and online infrared spectra of three types lubricating oils containing dinonyl diphenylamine (DNDA) antioxidant, which are mineral oil (MO), poly alpha olefin (PAO) trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO), during friction process at high temperature (temperature rising first isothermal holding afterwards). Design/methodology/approach A platform low speed four-ball tribometer equipped with a controller combined spectrometer was...